Politics A-Level United Kingdom (DONE!!!!!)
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Politics A-Level United Kingdom (DONE!!!!!) - Marcador
Politics A-Level United Kingdom (DONE!!!!!) - Detalles
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| What are the Criteria for 'Democracy' | -People have the Influence over Political Decisions -Gov and Elected Bodies are held Accountable -Government operate within the Law. The Government under the same Laws as the People -Elections held, Freely and Fairly, and Universal Adult Suffrage -People to be free to make Political Parties and Stand in Elections -Transition of Power from One Gov to the Next is Peaceful -Rights and Freedom is Respected by the Government -Power rests in Many Places, not just One |
| What is Legitimacy? | -When the Outcome of the Election is Accepted, and the Government Authority is Recognised by the People |
| What are the Characteristics of Direct Democracy? Where has it been Seen? | -People make the Key Decisions themselves -Modern Form: Referendums and Initiatives used, as well as Public Meetings and Consultations. E-Petitions and Recall of MPs furthermore. -Ancient Greece [Athens] describes as Direct Democracy -The UK uses Direct Democracy to solve Constitutional Issues |
| What is Direct Democracy? | -Where the People make the Political Decisions themselves. -In the Modern Day, it is about the Use of Referendums and Initiatives |
| What is a Representative Democracy | -Citizens elect Representatives to make the Decisions on their Behalf and are Accountable |
| What are the Characteristics of Representative Democracy? | -People Elect Representatives to make the Decisions -Regular Elections along with Representative Assemblies, like Parliament and Councils -Government Elected to make the Key Proposals and arrange the Implementation -Gov and Representatives are Accountable -Parties to Campaign to Represent the People in Gov -PGs represent Society and Causes Outside the Political System |
| What is Similar between Direct and Representative Democracy? | -Both Include the usage of Voting and Participation [Nature is Different] -Some Forms of Direct, ie Public Meeting, needs Consultation, linking with Representative -Most Representative Democracy's include the usage of Direct Democracy [Referendums] and Opposite is true |
| What is Different between Direct and Representative Democracy? | -Voters do not elect Individual in Direct, they are Involved in Referendums. But Representative is Different: Vote on Someone -Voters takes a Number of Issues in Representative, but under Direct, Voters focus on a Single, Prominent Issue -Voters under Direct more Actively Politically in Decision Making while Representative Voters are more Passive [Switzerland vs UK] |
| What are the Advantages of using Direct Democracy. -Include Examples (EX) | -Everyone gets a Say in Decision Making [The EU Ref was a Huge Democratic Exercise: 72% 33 Million People. Very High in UK] -Organisations much easier due to Modern Technology [Use of E-Petitions as Skyrocketed: Easier to know What People are Thinking] -Gives Equal Weight to Votes [In a Ref, All Votes are Counted and the Side with the Most Wins. EU has Leave 52%] -Encourages Genuine Debate [Electoral Reform Society had found the Scottish Independence Ref was done with Honest and Reasonable Arguments |
| What are the Disadvantages of Direct Democracy -Include Examples (EX) | -Decisions made by People in Ref can be Different to Representatives [UK suffered a Bad Political Hit due to Brexit] -Impractical for Large Pops [Emergency Calls have to be made Quickly and by a Few Select People] -Leads to the Tyranny of the Majority [Majority of England voted for Leave; Scotland for Remain. Since Leave won, Scotland had to bite the Bullet] -Can allow an Ill Educated Population to make poor Decisions [Many voters in the EU Ref felt Confused about Information they received- 55% did not have Sufficient Info] |
| What are the Advantages of Representative Democracy -Include Examples (EX) | -Accountability [ -Practical for Complex Issues [During Covid, MPs had to weigh the Issues from Small Firms & to Minimise Social Contact] -Gives a Voice to Minority [Parliament has Extended the Rights of Citizens, ie HRA and FoInfo Act] -Trains Future Leaders [Johnson held Prominent Roles in Cabinet under Cameroon and May. Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs & Chair of Cabinet Office Briefing Room] |
| What are the Disadvantages of Representative Democracy -Include Examples (EX) | -Reps don't always do what People want; instead do what They Want [Lib Dem MPs pledged on not Raising Tuition Fees, but Still did it after 2010 Election] -Politicians can be Corrupt [Chris Huhne Resigned over Perverting the Course of Justice; wife took Driving Points on his Behalf. 2012] -Minorities may find Unmet Concerns [MPs voted Down on Amendments to the Bill allowing UK to leave that would have protected Child Refugees] -Not All Voters get the Rep they Want [FPTP has meant Small Parties are Under Represented. Is that Bad or Good?] |
| What is a Pluralist Democracy? | -Widespread Acceptance of Different Groups and Lifestyles; Freedom of Expression is Accepted and where many Parties and PGs can Operate. -Where there is also Independent Media -Power is Dispersed and not Concentrated |
| What is a Democratic Deficit? | -When the Standards of a Function Democracy has fallen Short |
| Name some Pluralistic Features that are Found in the UK System (EX) | -Power Lies in may Different Places - Britain Leaving the EU had used a Number of Institutions - Parliament, Judges and the People.] -Free and Fair Elections - All Adults can Vote, and the Results are Accepted -Corruption & Wrong Doing is Punished- 2 MPs in 2019, Fiona Onasanya and Chris Davies, were Recalled Successfully -Rights are Protected - HRA allows Citizens to use UK Courts to protect their Rights under the ECHR -Devolved Decision Making - Scottish and Welsh Parliaments have received Power from Central Government |
| Name some Democratic Deficits found in the UK System (EX) | -Power is Concentrated - IEA [Institute of Economic Affairs] accused over using Cash to Influence Ministers] -Not Perfect Elections - 16 & 17 yr olds cannot Vote in GE as well as Prisoners can not vote too -Corruption is not Punished - Johnson in 2020 failed to Explain his 15K Holiday he got from David Ross. -Rights are Not Protected - HRA is not Entrenched meaning Parliament can Scrap it via an Act -Limited Devolved Decision Making - 85% of Local Council Budgets in England come from Central Government |
| What is the Franchise? [Suffrage] | -This is the Right to Vote. This is given to All Adults with no Groups Excluded. -If a System does Exclude citizens on Voting, then it is False to say it is Democratic |
| What are the Principles of UK Suffrage? | -Everyone over 18 can Vote in Elections, barring Prisoners, Insane People and the Monarch -No Groups are Discriminated in Electoral Law -Responsibility of Each Individual to Vote |
| Name some Forms of Political Participation | -Voting in Elections -Joining a Trade Union or Party or a Pressure Group -Becoming Active in a Party of Pressure Group -Standing for Election -Being apart of a Political Campaign Online or Physical -Signing a Petition or E-Petition |
| Why may Turnout be Falling at Elections? | -Disillusionment with the Parties, Seen in younger People. Also less Commitment to Parties -People caring more for Single Issues then Broad Policies -Lack of Disintiction between the Parties since the 1990s -Electoral System [FPTP] having Large Wasted Voted [Smaller Parties and Safe Seats] and Unequal Value [Marginal vs Safe] -Emergence of Referendums [Direct Democracy?] |
| What is a Participation Crisis? | -Concerns that Fewer People are being Politically Active, leading to a Crisis in Democratic Legitimacy |
| In what Ways can the UK be described as having a Participation Crisis? (EX) | -67% in Turnout in 2019 - Down by 1.5% from 2017. Also is very below to the Levels of the 1970s [79%] [Parties less Distinct?] -Only 1.7% are a Member of a Political Party -Number of Private-Sector Employees in TU is 13% -Taking 3 Mins to sign a Petition accounts to Huge Participation -Many Members just pay Fees and do Naught |
| In what Ways can the UK be described as NOT having a Participation Crisis? (EX) | -2001 to 2017 saw GE Turnout Increase. Also 2019 GE might have fallen might have fallen due to Several Reasons [Timing done on December] -Labour Party Membership rose Steadily after 2015 during Corbyn -Union Membership risen for 4 Years to 2020 -40 Million People have signed an E-Petition on the 38 Degrees Website on 10K Campaigns. -Fair Funding for Schools engages Teachers, Heads and Parents to Campaign against Education Cuts. [And 2022 Strikes] |
| What Exam Tip can be said about writing an Participation Crisis essay? | -Examiners want a Clear Decision, so little point arguing to ‘an extent’ -Instead you can be more Specific. For Example, there is a clear Crisis when it comes to Party Membership, but not when it comes to E-Petitions |
| Name some ways that Political Participation can be Improved | -Lowering the Voting Age -Make Voting Compulsory -Making use of Online Political Activity |
| What is Convenience Voting? | -Making it more Easier to vote, like Posting, Online or somewhere else other than the Polling Booth. |
| What are the Arguments for and against with Lowering the Voting Age (EX) | A: 16-17 yr olds in Scotland and Wales already can Vote in Local and Regional Elections - Disparity A: Youth turnout in the Scottish Independence had reached 80% D: Young People don’t vote - only 47% voted in the 2019 Election 18-24 |
| What are the Arguments for and against making voting Compulsory (EX) | A: Turnout will be very High - Gives high Legitimacy A: Other Nations have Compulsory Voting - Australia D: Voting is a given Right, not Duty D: Ballot Papers may be Spoiled |
| What are the Arguments for and against allowing Online Voting (EX) | A: Estonia has Benefited from using it at 2005 - roughly 45% of the 2019 Election done via Online A: It may Boost Turnout - Convenience Voting D: May be at risk of Hacking and needs heavy Cybersecurity D: Voting in Person already easier for Most People anyways |
| Give Exam Tip that helps with How to Improve Participation essay | -Do not simply Describe the Changes, but Explain why they may Work -For Example, Estonias success with Online Voting may give the UK similar effects due to Voting been made Easier and more Accessible especially with the Youngsters |
| What is a Pressure Group? | -Organisation that aims to Influence Public Policy and put Pressure on the Government, but doesn’t want to be Government - that would be a Political Party |
| How can Pressure Groups Enhance Democracy? | -Power is Dispersed and Influence more Widely. Eg British Medical Association had ensured the Voice of Medical Community is Heard when Health Policy is Concerned -Public is Educated about important Political Issues. Eg Act for the Act had raised Awareness of how Human Rights has helped People -Opportunities given to more People to engage in Politics Easily. Eg. 16 Million Voters decided to not Vote in 2019 Election, but 38 Degrees said almost 40 Million signed E-Petition since 2013 -Help Protect and Promote Interests of Minorities. Eg Howard League fights for Better Prison Conditions -Help make Government Accountable by making it Public the Effect of the Policies. Eg Justice4Grenfell made Public Inquiry of Grenfell Tower Fire |
| What are Promotional Groups? Give Brief Overview | -Aim to the serve the Whole Community and not just Members and Supporters - Altruism -Tend to get and Build up Public Opinion and therefore Pressure Government that way - Widespread Support -Use Direct Action via Public Demonstrations, Campaigns and Civil Disobedience -May Focus on One Specific Issue or Range of Issues that relate to General Cause -BLM Strongly focused on how the Police treat People from Minority Backgrounds |
| How can Pressure Groups Enhance Democracy? | -Power is Dispersed and Influence more Widely. Eg British Medical Association had ensured the Voice of Medical Community is Heard when Health Policy is Concerned -Public is Educated about important Political Issues. Eg Act for the Act had raised Awareness of how Human Rights has helped People -Opportunities given to more People to engage in Politics Easily. Eg. 16 Million Voters decided to not Vote in 2019 Election, but 38 Degrees said almost 40 Million signed E-Petition since 2013 -Help Protect and Promote Interests of Minorities. Eg Howard League fights for Better Prison Conditions -Help make Government Accountable by making it Public the Effect of the Policies. Eg Justice4Grenfell made Public Inquiry of Grenfell Tower Fire |
| What are Sectional Groups? | -Largely self Interested in how they serve Interests of own Members and Supporters -Aim to get Public Support and Direct Links to Decision maker - Insider Status -Methods more Subtle and not in Public Vision and use Parliament for Influence -Have an Exclusive Membership -Usually Represent a Section of the Workforce -National Education Union looks after Interests of Teachers |
| How are Parties and Pressure Groups different? | -Power: Parties try to get Share or All Power while PGs don’t care for Governmental Power -Accountability: Parties have to be Accountable to the Electorate and Public but PGs only to their Members -Policies: Parties make a Range that covers All/Most Areas of Gov Responsibility while PGs Narrow down Concerns and may care for a Single Issue -Membership: Parties have a Formal Entry and Organisation while PGs have Supporters usually. |
| How can Parties and PGs be looked as the Same? | -Both try to get the Public Opinion and Mobilise Support -Both engage in Lobbying, Funding and Campaigning to achieve their Goals -Both try to Influence the Political Process and Advance own Interests |
| What is Lobbying? How do Pressure Groups use them? (EX) | -Involved Persuasion through Direct Contact to Important Decision and Policy Makers. -Professional Lobby Organisations may be used to achieve Maximum Effect -Seen mainly used by Insider Groups [Access to Decision Makers] like British Bankers Association [BBA] and Confederation of British Industry CBI] -Age UK lobbies MPs on behalf of Pensioners |
| What is Public Campaigning? How do Pressure Groups use them? (EX) | -Using Large Scale Demonstrations for Support of an Issue or Group. Try’s to Mobilise the Public Support and show how much the Public Care to Decision Makers -Pro-Remain Demonstrations, organised by People’s Vote & Pro-Leave Demonstrations erupted following the EU Referendum |
| What are Donations to Parties? How do Pressure Groups use them? (EX) | -Legal, if Declared, and used by Large Firms and Employer Organisations or Trade Unions -Open Democracy had found the Conservative Party got £11 Million from Property Developers in Boris Johnson’s First Year as PM [Although it is Argued that no Direct Policies came after the Donation which Concerned Property Developers] |
| What are Media Campaigns and how do Pressure Groups use them? (EX) | -Often using Celebrities & Public Support to Boost Awareness and Advance own Aims -2020 saw a Campaign to continue the Free School Meals over Summer Holidays, which had Marcus Rashford Involved. -Princes William and Harry Involved with reducing the Stigma for those Suffering with Poor Mental Health happened in 2020 too. |
| What is Civil Disobedience and how do Pressure Groups use them? (EX) | -Once other Methods failed, Illegal Action may be Used which bring about Wide Public Awareness, but perhaps not Support -For Example: Extinction Rebellion had Blocked Bridges and Roads. Plane Stupid had Invaded Airplane Runways as the PG opposed Airport Expansion -Suffragettes had engaged in a wide Scale of Civil Disobedience: From Chaining to Buckingham Place to Defacing Art Works to Bombing Lloyd George’s Home [Chancellor of Exchequer] in 1913 |
| How do Pressure Groups use Social Media and E-Petitions to advance their own Aims? (EX) | -Social Media can bring Awareness and Support, and leads to Signing of E-Petitions and Local Action bringing about Pressure to the Government -2015 saw an E-Petition from Refugee Action that received 460K Signatures that wanted to accept more Syrian Refugees, and it led to Government announcing it would accept 20K more Refugees over the next 5 Years. -2019 saw the Revoke Article 50 which amassed 6 Million Signatures |
| How do Pressure Groups use Legal Action to Further their own Advances (EX) | -Judicial Review try’s to Stamp out Discrimination against Oppressed Groups in Society and Preserve Public Services -Save Lewisham Hospital Campaign had won a Legal Battle in 2013 that had the Court of Appeal rule the Government did not have Legal Authority to Close the Hospital -Civil Liberties Organisation won a Case against Police of using Facial Recognition Tech in 2020 August |
| What is an Insider Group [And Outsider] | -Pressure Groups that has Access to Decision Makers, making their tactics more Discreet and behind Closed Doors. -Relies on Close Links to Advisors and Politicians -Outsider Groups do not have such Contact so has to Resort to Methods that attract Public and Media Attention and Support |
| Give an Exam Tip that helps with Essay about Pressure Groups | -Helpful to use Recent Example -Helpful to refer back to the Same Pressure Group in Case Study’s. For Example the Suffragettes had engaged in Heavy Civil Disobedience. It had also tried to Publicly Campaign and do Peaceful Protests |
| How can Insider Pressure Groups have more Chance of Success, but also Not have Any Effect? (EX) | Yay: Insiders Groups may have Opportunity to have their Views on Legislation. Example: Private Healthcare Companies had Helped in drafting the Health & Social Care Bill which had Benefited them Nay: Not every Insider Group is Influential is Circumstances. Example: The CBI has Strong Ties to Conservatives but has failed to Influence Government Policy on Brexit to the CBI Interests |
| How can Group Size offer more Success, but not? (EX) | Yay: Larger Membership can be more Important in Persuading Government as then the Pressure Group show off a Significant Size of Population. Example: Campaign to Protect Rural England had 40K members and has Defended the Green Belt from Property Developers Nay: Large Groups doesn’t bring Success always. Example: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament had 110K members in mid 1980s but had little Influence on Government |
| How can Public Support offer more Success, but not? (EX) | Yay: PGs that can Organise Large Scale Demonstrations and Support can have more Influence. Eg: Snowdrop Campaign had been able to ban the Use of Handguns due to 1996 Dunblane Primary School Massacre Nay: Government attitudes may Outweigh Public Opinion. Eg: 2013 Badger Cull went ahead Despite the Public Outcry of Concern from Animal Welfare Groups. |
| Give Exam Tip concerning Essay about Comparing Factors of Success for a PG | -Try and state a Clear Direction - It is the Most Important Factor or Not -And Compare the Other Factors to get Clear Overview |
| How can Pressure Groups Enhance Democracy? (EX) | -Power is Dispersed and Influence more Widely. Eg British Medical Association had ensured the Voice of Medical Community is Heard when Health Policy is Concerned -Public is Educated about important Political Issues. Eg Act for the Act had raised Awareness of how Human Rights has helped People -Opportunities given to more People to engage in Politics Easily. Eg. 16 Million Voters decided to not Vote in 2019 Election, but 38 Degrees said almost 40 Million signed E-Petition since 2013 -Help Protect and Promote Interests of Minorities. Eg Howard League fights for Better Prison Conditions -Help make Government Accountable by making it Public the Effect of the Policies. Eg Justice4Grenfell made Public Inquiry of Grenfell Tower Fire |
| How can Pressure Groups Threaten Democracy (EX) | -Some Groups are Elitist and Concentrate Power in Hands of Few People. Eg Revloving Door uses Special Advisors to Ministers & getting Good Paid Jobs at Lobbying Firms, where they can Exploit contacts made while in Government -Groups may Distort Information and Limit Social/Technological Progress. Eg Stop 5G had been Concerned about Health and Environmental Effects 5G would have, but its Claims are Contested. -Groups may be not Democratic and so may Fail to Represent Views of Members and Supporters. Leaders of many PG are not Elected -Finance very key in Political Influence - so PGs unevenly Matched. 2020 saw Housing Minister Robert Jenrick accuse of Rushing an Approval of Development Project to Satisfy Tory Donor Richard Desmond |
| What is a Think Tank? | -Body of Experts that are brought Together to offer Solutions to Economic, Social and Political Problems |
| Give an Example of a 1. Non-Partisan Think Tank 2. ‘Left Wing’ Think Tank 3. ‘Right Wing’ Think Tank (EX) | 1. ResPublica focuses on General Policy Issues. Chatha House prioritises International Affairs 2. Fabian Society deals with Issues concerning Social Justice and Equality. Institute for Public Policy Research [IPPR] researches and develops Centre-Left Policy Ideas 3. Adam Smith Institute which cares for Free Market Solutions to Economic Problems. Centre for Policy Studies promotes Ideas that was Popular during Thatcher’s Times |
| What are Lobbyists? | -Professions who are Paid to Persuade Decision Makers to Favour a Group or Cause. -May be Individuals or Firms, so are Employed by them, like Animal Aid, Trade Unions and Foreign Governments. |
| What are Corporations | -Large Company / Group of Companies that operate as Single Entity. -The Corporations Wealth may be so Large and Important to the UK Economy that Ignoring them may not be a Choice. |
| How do Think Thanks have Influence, but are Limited? (EX) | -Centre for Social Justice very much Impacted the Coalition Government’s Welfare Reforms, leading to Introduction of Universal Credit -However, Think Tanks are usually Aligned to a Party - Adam Smith Foundation may have little Influence when Labour is in Chagre |
| How do Lobbyists have Influence, but are Limited? (EX) | -Lobby Firms spend £2 Bil every Year to Influence Decision Making, and Employ 4K -Concerns have been Raised that Influence has been Bought. -However, MPs has Rules Limiting them to Accept Money from Lobbyists that aim for the MP to Agree with Lobbyists Viewpoints - Must be Registered in Electorate Commission |
| How do Corporations have Influence, but are Limited? (EX) | -Corporations Donate to Parties Campaigns and also Fund Think Tanks - Links to Concern of Influence being Bought - 1/5 Conservative Donations came from Corporations in 2019 Election -However, Corporations don’t get Everything they want. Most Large Corporations Opposed Brexit. |
| Give Exam Tip concerning about Think Tanks, Lobbyists and Corporations | -If the Question cares for Think Tanks and Lobbyists, only Focus on them 2 and not Corporations and Pressure Groups -Helpful to Repeat Woods in Question in Every Paragraph to keep the Answer Relevant. ‘Point is Relevant to Question because…’ |
| What did the Magna Carta lead too? | -Issued in 1215, the Magna Carta had Limited the King’s Power and Sought to Prevent Government Exploiting its Power -It had started off to Protect Barons against a Powerful King, but now is Symbolic of the Rights of People to be free from a Government acting Beyond its Given Powers |
| What are Common Law? | -These are Laws that have gone through Development of many Centuries. They are Rights which are Recognised and Enforced. -They are Confirmed via Judicial Precedent - Judgements made in Court. -Example: Equal Treatment under the Law, Habeas Corpus [Freedom from Imprisonment without Fair Trial] |
| What are Statutes? | -These are Parliamentary Law that Guarantee Rights -Example the Freedom of Information [FOI] 2000 allows Right to access Official Information |
| What is the Human Rights Act? Is it Controlled by the EU? | -This allows the European Convention on Human Rights into British Law. Wide Range of Rights and Freedoms are Guaranteed. -The ECHR is NOT controlled by the EU, but instead, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights, which has Naught to do with the EU and so after Brexit the ECHR will still be Maintained in Britain |
| What is the Equalities Act of 2010? | -Law Protects People against Discrimination in Workplace and Wider Society, Specifically on Age, Disability, Gender, Martial Status, Race, Religion, Sex and Sexual Orientation. |
| Give Ways and Examples that Rights in UK are Strongly Protected (EX) | -Strong Common Law Condition in UK - Rights to a Fair Trail are Strictly abided by in the UK -UK Subject to the ECHR, which, for examples, has Ruled that Prisoners in UK should have Right to Vote -Judiciary has Reputation of being Independent of Political Bias and Upholds the Rule, even when against Parliament and Government. April 2016 saw Judges overturn Government plans to Deny Legal Aid to people who haven’t Lived in the UK for 12 Months Straight. |
| Give Ways and Examples that Rights in the UK are Not as Strongly Protected (EX) | -Common law may be Vague and Argued over - and set aside from Statutes. Government brung about Internment Imprisonment without trail to supposed Terrorists in 1970s to NI -Parliament is Sovereign and so can Ignore the ECHR, which is why Prisoners in UK can’t Vote despite the ECHR court Ruling the Opposite -Pressure on Government from Terrorism to Curtail Rights due to National Security. Right to Privacy, Association, Expression and Freedom all under Attack. 2016 saw Conservatives pass the Investigatory Powers Act which allows Government to Monitor the Online Activity of its Citizens - Breach of Freedom to Privacy? |
| What are Individual Rights? | -Rights belonging to a Person despite their Person Characteristics. -Apply to ALL Individuals despite Race, Religion or Gender. ALL |
| What are Collective Rights? | -Rights belonging to a Group that may Share a Characteristic or Organisation. Gay Rights, Workers Rights.. Gay Worker Rights.. |
| Name some Individual Rights | -Freedom of Expression -Right to Privacy -Right of Association & Free Movement [Demonstrate] -Right to Strike for Pay and Employment Rights |
| Name some Collective Rights | -Right of Minority Groups not be Target of Hate Speeches -Right of Community being Protected by Terrorism by Security Services listening on Private Communications -Right of the Press to Report on Matters of Public Interest -Right of Community to Their Own Freedom of Movement -Right of Community to expect Good Service from Public Servants who are Paid from Taxation |
| How may Individual and Collective Rights Conflict with each other? | -Freedom of Expression may Conflict with Minority Groups not be Subjected by Hate Speeches - Not Entirely Free to Express? -Individual Right to Privacy Conflicting with the Press's Right to Report on Matters of Public Interest - Paparazzi vs Celebrities Privacy -The Right to Strike may conflict with how the Community expects Good Service from Public Servants paid via Taxation - Striking won't give the Community [Consumers] anything but hardship. If Police Strikes then Community Right to expect Safety also is Violated. |
| What was the Ashers Bakery Study and what does this Show? (EX) | -2018 October saw the UK Supreme Court Rule that a Baker could not be Forced to write 'Support Gay Marriage' on a Cake, which was asked by a Customer for a Same-Sex Wedding. -The Supreme Court doing so led to the Uphold of the Individual Right of the Baker to their Freedom of Conscience [Not be Compelled to do something they didn't Believe] but this harmed the LGBTQ+ Community for Equal Access to the Service - Buying a Cake. |
| What is Liberty, and how has it been Limited in Success, but Not? (EX) | -Liberty is a Major Campaigner and a Think Tank that try's to Limit Government Power and Uphold Citizens Rights. -They Successfully managed to stop Police Facial Recognition which Violated People's Protection and Privacy. -But they have been Rather Unsuccessful when trying to Influence and Critic UK Government Restrictive Immigration Policies. |
| What is Unlock Democracy, and how has it been Limited in Success, but Not? (EX) | -Cares for Constitutional Reform, and for Protecting Rights via a Codified Constitutional with a Bill of Rights -But they have Limited in Success due to how low down Constitutional Issues are in both Major Political Parties -But have been Successful in its Campaigning in having Votes at 6 - Scotland in 2015 & Wales in 2021 have allowed 16 yr olds to Vote in their Elections, not General however |
| What is Amnesty International, and how has it been Limited in Success, but Not? (EX) | -Looks into Human Rights abuse across the Globe. In UK, it has intervened in Campaigns for Rights of those in Care homes during Covid, and protecting Wind-rush Victims -They need Government to admit they are Wrong and to change their own policies, so its Unlikely. Only a few Victims from the Windrush Scandal had compensation. -However they managed to have the UK take in 5K more Syrian Refugees in 2020, as a fight for better Refugee Rights and Status |
| What are Parties, and what do they aim for? | -Parties are Associations of People who have Similar Political Views and want to Promote those views -Parties want Governmental Power at Local, Regional and National Levels. They search for Power -Parties have a Formal Organisation, having Leaders, Activists and Followers -Most have a Membership System |
| What are the main Functions of a Political Party? | -Put Candidates for Office at All Levels. -Spot and Train Political Leaders -Educate Public about Important Political Issues -Make Opportunities for those who want to Participate in Politics -Call the Existing Government to Account -Ultimately, Improve Society |
| How are Political Parties funded? | -Membership Subscriptions -Fundraising Events like Fetes, Festivals and Dinners -Donations -Loans from Banks or Wealthy People -Self-Financing from Candidates. |
| What is the Electoral Commission & Short Money | -The Electoral Commission allows up to £2 Million per Party Available from Grants -Short Money gives Funds to Parties for Research, dependent on Size |
| Under the current Regulation, how much can -Parties spend on a Candidate in a Constituency -What is the Minimum Amount that has to be Declared -Rules on Donations that comes from Outside the UK (EX) | -The first one is Influenced by how many Registered Votes in that Area. 2019 Election saw around £10K - £30K per Constituency -The Second one: £500 if it comes from an Individual, and £7500 if it comes from a Company or TU. During an Election Period, Parties and Candidates must report Donations & Loans worth £1500 more to the Electoral Commission -The Third one: Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act [PPERA] led to Parties not being able to accept Donations from Foreign Nationals, Foreign Companies or Foreign Governments |
| What are the Proposals for changing how Party Funding works? | -Impose Restrictions of the Size of Individual Donations to Parties [Currently £500] [Donors can give to Many Individual Donors?] -Make Tight Regulation on how much Parties can Spend -Restrict Donations to Individuals [Limited Donations and Wealthy more Influential?] -Replace all Funding with State grants for Parties, paid via the General Taxation |
| What are the Arguments for State Funding? [Cash for Honours & Firm's Hidden Influence] (EX) | -End the 'Cash for Honours' where Donors give Money in hopes of being Granted an Honour, or Access to Decision Making. Eg: Lubov Chernukhin [Tory Donor] gave £1.7 Million, and enjoyed Personal Meetings with Numerous Conservative Leaders. [Husband is Close with Putin so] -End the chance of Hidden Influence via Funding. Firms and Organisations deny such Claim. Eg: £1 Mil came from Formula 1 Boss Bernie Ecclestone before 1997 Election led to Labour banning Tobacco Advertising once it had Won [Labour initially Exempted this Sport] |
| What are the Arguments for State Funding? [Playing Level Field and Democracy] (EX) | -Reduce the Financial Advantage that the Big Parties Get, and allows Small Parties - Often they take out Loans which can lead to their Long-Term viability in Question -Improve Democracy by ensuring Wider Participation from Groups that don't have a Ready Source of Funding. |
| What are the Arguments that goes Against State Funding? (EX) | -Taxpayers may not Fund what may be 'Private Organisations' and argue Other, more Better usage of Taxpayers Money -How should the Funding be Dished out. Basing on Past Performance gives Home Advantage to Big Parties. Or on Future Aspirations, which is quite Unknown? 2007 Phillips Report called for a 'pence-per-voter' Formula, which would only Benefit the 2 Main Parties that got the Most Votes. -Parties may lose Independence and become Organs of the State [If Funded by Gov, then they may be Less Reluctant?] [Public Scepticism if Taxpayer isn't Happy with that Party getting Money] -Lead to Lots of Regulation regarding Parties. Eg: PPERA 2000 already dishes out a Tough Environment on Party Spending and other Elections. More Regulation may make it Harder to Campaign |
| What is the Left Wing? | -Ideologies, Ideas and Policies that care for Socialism -Redistribution of Income, Rules on Excess of Capitalism, Protecting Workers Rights, State Welfare and Nationalisation are Key Ideas |
| What is the Right Wing? | -Ideologies, Ideas and Policies that care for the Free Market Capitalism and Accepting Social and Economic Inequality. -State plays a Little Role, Low Taxation and Welfare, and a Hard line to Crime and preventing Terrorism - Collective Rights over Individual Rights |
| How may Left Wing Ideas Clash with the Right Wing | -Left want Income to be Redistributed via Taxation & Welfare as well as Good Minimal Wage while the Right wants Low Taxes to encourage Enterprise and to Work -Left want to Protect Workers Rights and TU Power while the Right want the State to not Intervene with the Workings of the Economy [Except in times of Crisis] -Left want Projects designed to allow Equality of Opportunities - Education mainly that is Funded by Taxpayer’s Money while the Right wants a Free Market solution with Private Schooling |
| What are the Main Ideas of the Conservative Party? (EX) | -Order a Harmony in the Nation [Law and Order] -Oppose Strongly held Ideology or Political Principles -Gentle Reform over Radical Change -Individualism thrives, and a Limited State to Intervene -Patriotism & Support for Traditional Institutions and Values -Low Taxing, Supporting Capitalism -Importance of Private Property Ownership -Collective Rights > Individual Rights |
| What is a Party Function? | -Group within a Party, formal or informal, which wants Ideas that are Different from the Mainstream Ideas of the Party |
| What is the One Nation Conservatives - what do they Believe in? (EX) | -Party Function in the Conservative Party, and Believe in: -Accept the demand for a Welfare State -Believe in Organic Society - Support for Local Institutions [the Church…] to bind Society Together -Pro EU -Want Private Enterprise but allows a Mixed Economy |
| What is the term ‘Noblesse Oblige’ -Which Party Function in Conservatives support it? | -The French Term means that the Rich has Responsibility to the Poor -The One Nation Conservatives support this Phrase |
| Why does the One Nation Conservative differ from the Mainstream - what is their Concern? | -One Nation Conservatives care for Social Cohesion -Therefore they favour a Welfare State and push for a Mixed Economy [Not Completely the Free Market] rather than Privatisation |
| What are the New Right Conservatives' main Ideas? (EX) | -Individual Wealth should be left Alone [not Taxed] -Welfare State leads to a Dependency to the State -Strong Police force for a Strong Respect Order -Anti-EU, Pro USA and Skeptical of Immigration -Strong push for Limited State - Privatisation |
| What does the New Right concern for? | -Combines Neo-Conservative [Traditional Values & Strong Law and Order] along with Neo-Liberal [Limited State Intervention in Economy and little Taxation] |
| How is the New Right, in the Conservative Party, also Split? | -Neo Conservatism cares for a Belief in Order, Traditional Values, Skeptical of Immigration. -Society is naturally Hierarchical -Neo-Liberalism wants Free Markets or roam freers, as well as Privatisation. Welfare is Opposed as they feel it will lead to Dependency [Individualism] |
| In terms of the Economy, how is there -New Right Evidence -One Nation Evidence (EX) | -New Right can come from how 2019 Manifesto states to not Raise National Inurance Contributions, VAT and Income Tax - People should keep their Wealth -One Nation can come from how Sunak announced £170 bn Investment in 2020 budget, including a number of Infrastructure projects, to Boost Economic Growth. Fits with the how the Mixed Economy is liked by One Nation |
| In terms of Welfare, how is there -New Right Evidence -One Nation Evidence (EX) | -2010 and Beyond has seen Reduction in Benefits [Benefits Caps] the Bedroom Tax [Receive less in Housing Benefit if more Bedrooms] and introducing Universal Credit [and slashing its Budget time and time again] - Supports idea that Welfare leads to Dependency. -2019 Manifesto wanted ‘Levelling up’ Funds for Schools and Hospitals, Johnson wanted 20K Police Officers and 50K more Nurses - People in Position have to tend to those who don’t have that Influence [Noblesse Oblige] |
| In terms of Law and Order, how is there -New Right Evidence -One Nation Evidence (EX) | -2020 saw Priti Patel tried to make a Point-Based Immigration System to reduce Unskilled Migrants, and Johnson to end the Early Release of those found Guilty of Terror-Related Offences [New Right Belief of Strong Police Force, and Respect for Order] -Cameron wanted Rehabilitation instead of Punishing Drug Addicts, and May had Warned against Police using Stop and Search against People of Minority Backgrounds [One Nation Belief of Compassionate Conservatism] |
| In terms of Foreign Affairs, how is there -New Right Evidence -One Nation Evidence (EX) | -Boris Johnson had got the ‘Get Brexit Done’ during 2019 Campaign. The Tories has, historically, Backed the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq - Terrorism is a Threat. [New Right as Nay EU and support for UK x USA] -Most Conservative MPs had Voted and Wanted to Remain in the EU [One Nation as Yay EU] |