| The word vitamin comes from the Latin word? Meaning? | Vita, meaning life; and
the suffix amine, which is a nitrogen compound. |
| True or False: all vitamins contain nitrogen. | False, it was discovered later that not all vitamins contain nitrogen; nevertheless, "vitamin" has been used pervasively and has become a common word. |
| are a group of unrelated organic compounds found in food which are needed only in minute quantities in the diet but essential for specific metabolic reactions within the cell and necessary for normal growth and maintenance of health.
coenzyme partner in controlling many metabolic reactions in the body | vitamins |
| In the absence of vitamins, a related ??? occurs.
cure is through the administration of the vitamin involved | Vitamin deficiency or deficiency |
| Classification of vitamin deficiency: Occurs when the vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiologic needs | Primary deficiency |
| Classification of vitamin deficiency:
absorption is impaired
excess secretion occurs
underlying disorder
lifestyle factor | Secondary deficiency |
| Classifications of vitamin deficiency | Secondary deficiency |
| True or false: Vitamins do have caloric value | False, vitamins does not have caloric value |
| Terms associated with vitamins: These are compounds that can be changed to active vitamins.
A substance in food that may be transformed into a vitamin within the body; a potential vitamin | Precursors or Provitamins |
| Terms associated with vitamins: These are naturally occurring vitamins that are in inactive form and ready for biological use | Preformed vitamins |
| Terms associated with vitamins: This refers to a condition resulting from lack of a vitamin. In the later stage of this condition when more defined signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease signs and symptoms occur, a nutritional deficiency disease is recognizable | Avitaminosis |
| carotenes (or carotenoids) and cryptoxanthin are precursors of what vitamin? | vitamin A |
| Ergosterol, when radiated, becomes? | vitamin D |
| Avitaminosis A leads to | night blindness and xerophthalmia |
| Avitaminosis C leads to | scurvy |
| Avitaminosis B leads to | beri beri |
| Terms associated with vitamins: This is sometimes referred to as "vitamin toxicity", a result of excessive accumulation of a vitami in the body | Hypervitaminosis |
| Terms associated with vitamins: The prefix "mal" meaning bad denotes that too much or too little vitamin is not good for the health. | Vitamin malnutrition |
| Terms associated with vitamins: Some substances have physiological roles like vitamins but they are present in larger amounts and are partially synthesized in the body. These substances include inositol, choline, lipoic acid, and ubiquinone. | Vitamin-like compounds |
| An example of preformed Vit. A found in animal food sources | retinol |
| Terms associated with vitamins: These are substances that interfere with the normal functioning of a vitamin.
They need to be similar in chemical composition as the vitamin they "antagonize"
Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. | Antivitamins or vitamin antagonists |
| antivitamin or vitamin antagonist of Vitamin K | Dicumerol |
| antivitamin or vitamin antagonist of biotin | avidin |
| antivitamin or vitamin antagonist against thiamine or vitamin B1 | thiaminase |
| Two types of vitamins:
classification of Vitamins on the basis of Solubility: | The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K in association with lipids are found in foods
The water-soluble vitamins are B complex and vitamin C |
| Vitamins are formerly called ???, because their presence in minute quantities is easily overlooked. | accessory food factors |
| What are the last group of organic compounds which were discovered to be vital to life maintenance and growth | vitamins |
| The word vitamin was coined by:
when:
How: | The word vitamin was coined by Casimir Funk;
in 1912;
when he was searching for a constituent in rice bran which could cure beriberi. The missing substance he called 'vitamine' comes from vita meaning necessary for life and amine denoting that the anti-beriberi factor contained nitrogen.
He hypothesized that nutritional deficiencies which were observed in the past such as scurvy, pellagra, and rickets were due to the lack of "vitamine". |
| Researchers later showed that ???, so the final letter "e" was dropped, hence the word "vitamin" | not all these dietary factors contained nitrogen |
| Besides solubility properties, fat-soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins based on the following factual criteria: | 1. Fat-soluble vitamins generaly have precursors or provitamins
2. Because they can be stored in the body: liver, adipose tissue, deficiencies are slow to develop
3. They are not absolutely needed daily from food sources.
4. They are generally stable, especially in ordinary cooking methods
• Absorbed directly into blood transported and stored like
fats
• Dissolve in fatty tissues or substances
• Need fat: for absorption & transport |
| Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins having the general characteristics: | 1. they must be supplied every day in the diet
2. They do not have precursors
3. they are not stored significantly in the body and any excess is excreted in the urine. except Vit. B 12 (Cobalamin) and Vit. B 6 (Pyridoxine)
4. Deficiency symptoms develop relatively fast
5. Being water-soluble, they are most likely to be destroyed in ordinary cooking.
therefore opposite sa fat-soluble, bilat. |
| Vitamin B1: | Thiamin |
| • a.1. Integral part coenzyme factor,
thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP, needed for
carbohydrate metabolism.
• a.2. Helps maintain good appetite, good
muscle tone especially of the GI tract and
normal functioning of ENERGY. | Thiamin (B1): Function: |
| Thiamin (B1): Stability: | • Loss of vitamin in cooking is extremely
variable, depending on the pH of the food,
time, temperature, quantity of water used
and discarded and the use of sodium
bicarbonate to enhance the green color of
vegetables.
• Freezing has little or no effect on the
thiamin content of foods. |
| Thiamin (B1): Thiamine Deficiency | • c.1. loss of appetite
• c.2. weakness
• c.3. easy fatigability
• c.4.indigestion
• c.5. severe constipation
• c.6. gastric atony
• c.7. poor reflexes and irritability
• c.8. retarded growth
• c.9. numbness of extremities
• c.10. beri-beri- also called nutritional
polyneuritis |
| Thiamin (B1): beri beri characterized by | ataxia,
pain,
anorexia,
mental disorientation,
and tachycardia. |
| Types of beriberi: | infantile beriberi
wet beriberi
dry beriberi |
| type of beriberi: Infants 2 to 5 months of age
whose main food is milk from
mother suffering from beriberi.
• Symptoms are (APHONIA),
whining cry, CYANOSIS,
difficulty in breathing and even
death in a few hours. | Infantile beriberi |
| type of beriberi: Is resultant of high carbohydrate intake
along with strenuous exercise
Characterized by :
• EDEMA of both lower extremities which
progress upwards to body cavities such as
abdomen and chest.
• TACHYCARDIA
• Shortness of breath with activity
• Enlarged HEART. | Wet beriberi |
| type of beriberi: Is associated with energy deprivation
and inactivity characterized by:
✔ mental confusion
✔ peripheral neuropathy
✔muscular wasting with loss of
function
✔ paralysis of the lower
extremities. | Dry beriberi |
| -a cerebral form of beriberi that affects the
nervous system.
-may cause the loss of memory, extreme mental
confusion, and ataxia exhibited by persons with
chronic excessive alcohol ingestion.
is a type of brain
disorder caused by a lack of
vitamin B-1, or thiamine | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
(WKS) |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis/ mnemonic: | COAT RACK |
| Wernicke's encephalopathy: | COAT:
C- confusion
O- ophthalmoplegia
A- ataxia
T- thiamin deficiency |
| Korsakoff's Psychosis: | RACK:
R- retrograde amnesia
A- Anterograde amnesia
C- Confabulation
K- Korsakoff's psychosis |
| Thiamine requirement or allowance: | • RDA: 1.2 mg (men) & 1.1 mg (women)
• The amount of thiamine required increases
as the metabolic rate increases.
• The amount of thiamine required increases
as the metabolic rate increases.
• Those engaged in rigorous physical
activity burn more energy, so they require
more energy. |
| Vitamin B2: | Riboflavin |
| It operates as a vital coenzyme factor
in both energy production and tissue
protein building. | Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): function: |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): RDA: | 1.3 mg for men and 1.1 mg
for women |
| Vitamin B2: Plant sources: | ❖Broccoli
❖asparagus,
❖dark leafy greens
❖whole grains,
❖enriched breads and cereals. |
| • a word that is used to describe foods to which vitamins
and minerals have been added back to a food after
refining process that caused a loss of some nutrients; | enriched |
| Vitamin B2 Animal sources: | ❖Dairy products
❖Meats
❖Fish
❖Poultry
❖Eggs |
| caution: Riboflavin is sensitive to what? | light and irradiation
it is destroyed by ultraviolet light and sunlight |
| Ariboflavinosis or riboflavin deficiency causes: | Corneal vascularization
Dermatitis
Glossitis
Cheilosis
Anemia, erythroid hypoplasia |
| Ariboflavinosis:
•-a term used for fissures in
the skin at the angles of the
mouth.
•-these cracks in the skin may
be painful and often become
infected. | Cheilosis |
| ariboflavinosis:
•- is inflammation or infection
of the tongue.
•- causes the tongue to swell
and change color. | Glossitis |
| ariboflavinosis:
-An inflammation of the skin that
exhibits a greasy, scaling
appearance,
• - Typically involves the cheeks and
the areas behind the ears. | seborrheic dermatitis |
| • Function: It is involved as a coenzyme
for many enzymes, especially those
involved in energy metabolism.
• as a treatment for High Cholesterol.
• High-dose niacin supplements can improve blood lipid profiles
• At doses of 1500 mg per day, it decreases low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels
• However, patient with CV diseases who tale a statin medication do not
benefit further from supplemental niacin; thus it is not recommended to take
both | Niacin B3 |
| Niacin B3: average RDA: | • 2-12 mg a day for children
• 14 mg a day for women
• 16 mg a day for men
• 18 mg a day for pregnant or breast-
feeding women |
| • The deficiency disease caused by a lack of dietary niacin
and an inadequate amount of protein that contains the amino
acid tryptophan, which is precursor of niacin.
• It is characterized by skin lesions that are aggravated by
sunlight as well as by GI, mucosal, neurologic, and mental
symptoms. | pellagra |
| Pellagra, aniacin (avitaminosis of Vitamin B3 or Niacin) deficiency is characterized by: | 4 "D's":
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death |
| Pellagra: 4 "D's":
•A symmetrical scaly rash occurs
only on skin exposed to the sun.
•Skin is dry scaly and cracked.
• In acute stages, pellagra resembles severe sunburn;
in later stages, affected areas become darkly
pigmented.
Lesions occur in the same places on both sides of the body. | Dermatitis |
| Pellagra: 4 "D's":
•Damage to the GI tract affects digestion, absorption, and
excretion of food, leading to glossitis, vomiting and diarrhea. | Diarrhea |
| Pellagra: 4 "D's":
As the CNS becomes affected in severe
deficiencies, confusion, anxiety, insomnia and
paranioa develop. | Dementia |
| The Niacin in ??? is in a bound form unavailable for absorption.
People in the southern United States and parts of Europe relied
on ??? as a staple food, and ??? is notoriously low in niacin.
More than 3 Million cases of pellagra resulted in 100,000 deaths between 1900 and 1940 | corn |
| • Functions:
• Acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of amino
acids and proteins, fatty acids and
carbohydrate.
• Involve in the formation of neurotransmitters
and are essential for the proper functioning of
the nervous system.
• Is essential for the hemoglobin synthesis.
• It is required for the conversion of tryptophan
to niacin. | Pyridoxine (B6) |
| Pyridoxine (B6): Average RDA: | 1-2 mg day |
| Pyridoxine (B6): deficiencies: | dermatitis,
altered nerve function,
weakness,
poor growth,
convulsions, and
microcytic anemia (small red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin.) |
| Pyridoxine (B6): Toxicity: | ataxia, sensory neuropathy (for long-term
supplementation in megadoses gram quantities) |
| • Function: Is required for the synthesis of
amino acids and for the synthesis of DNA
and RNA. It also forms the heme portion of
the hemoglobin.
• Average RDA:50-200 mcg/day | Folate |
| Deficiency in pregnant women:
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS:
•-is a congenital defect of the
spinal column that causes the
spinal cord to be unprotected.
•-Results in range of disabilities
including paralysis and
incontinence. | Spina bifida |
| 3 most common types of spina bifida: A defect
of the backbone (spine) and spinal
cord | myelomeningocele |
| 3 most common types of spina bifida: sac protruding
from the spinal column | meningocele |
| 3 most common types of spina bifida: backbone (spine) does not fully form during pregnancy | Spina bifida occulta |
| Deficiency in pregnant women: NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS:
•-a congenital defect in which
brain does not develop, death
occurs shortly after birth. | Anencephaly |
| Childbearing age: Should take how many/much of synthetic
folic acid to reduce the risks of birth defects?
Pregnant women should also take? | Childbearing age should take 400 mcg/day of synthetic folic acid to reduce the risks of birth defects.
Pregnant women should take 600 mcg/day |
| A form of anemia characterized by large
red blood cells that cannot carry oxygen
properly. | Megaloblastic anemia |
| Function:
• It has a role in folate metabolism by modifying
folate coenzymes to active forms to support
metabolic functions, including the synthesis of
DNA and RNA.
• It is required for the metabolism of fatty acids and
amino acids.
• It helps develop and maintain the myelin sheaths
that surrounds and protect the nerve fibers.
RDA: 1-2 mcg/day
• Toxicity: none reported.
• Both Vitamin and the
intrinsic factor must be
present for absorption. | Cobalamin (B12) |
| •- It is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when
the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the
gastrointestinal tract
•- Caused by destroyed gastric parietal cells that
produce the intrinsic factor; without intrinsic factor in
the stomach, Vitamin B12 can not be absorbed. | Pernicious Anemia (from B12 deficiency) |
| reduction in production of
intrinsic factor by the
stomach mucosa in older
people.
•Damage to the spinal cord
•Due to the breakdown of myelin sheath
synthesis that affects the brain, optic and
peripheral nerves. | B12 deficiency |
| • Function: It assists in the transfer of carbon dioxide
from one compound to another, playing an important
role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.
• Average RDA: 30-100 mcg/day
• Toxicity: None reported.
• Dietary Sources
Food sources of biotin include nuts, cheese, spinach,
salmon, mushrooms, broccoli, beef liver and chicken.
• Deficiency: Rare. | Vit. B7 Biotin |
| Is rare but has been produced by
consumption of large amounts of
AVIDIN, a protein found in raw egg
whites that binds with biotin.
One would need to consume many
raw egg whites for this to occur. | Biotin deficiency |
| • Function:
1.Part of coenzyme A, essential for many chemical
reactions, therefore required for metabolism of
CHO,CHON and fat.
2. Synthesis of AAs, fatty acids cholesterol, steroid
hormones & hemoglobin.
• Average RDA: 4-7 mcg/day
• Deficiency: Is not likely except in cases of a
deficiency of all the B vitamins. | Vit. B5 Pantothenic acid |
| • It is needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine,
a neurotransmitter, and lecithin, the
phospholipid.
• acetylcholine = a neurotransmitter associated
with attention, learning and memory, muscle
control, and many other functions.
• Average RDA: 425 mg/day (women)
550 mg/day(men)
Keeps the healthy function of our brain & nervous system.
helps form the membranes of our cells.
help our muscles counteract.
helps the transport of fats & cholesterol in the body.
Balances levels of hemocysteine in the blood. | Choline |
| A neurotransmitter associated with attention, learning and memory, muscle control, and many other functions. | Acetylcholine |
| are good sources of choline | eggs |
| Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Chemical and Physical nature: | A.1. Water soluble acid, easily
oxidized, unstable
A.2. Other animals can synthesize
Vitamin C from glucose but
humans lack the necessary
specific enzymes |
| Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Absorption and Storage: | • B.1. Easily absorbed from small
intestine
• B.2. Not stored in tissue depots;
distributed to tissue saturation
levels in general circulation,
remainder being excreted;
• large amounts present in adrenal
tissues |
| Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Physiologic Function: | Antioxidant and co-enzyme, collagen
synthesis, amino acid metabolism;
may have the role in reducing the risk
of cancer(stomach, esophagus and
colon) |
| Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid: Average RDA : | 90 mg for men & 75mg for women. Recommendations vary worldwide: a minimum of 10 mg-to prevent symptoms of scurvy. |
| The metabolic use of smokers is twice as that of non
smokers.
Recommend that clients who smoke consume ???
rather than 90 mg of Vitamin C daily. | 125 mg |
| Signs and symptoms of scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency, Ascorbic acid avitaminosis) | Pale skin,
Loss of teeth,
sunken eyes.
also gingival hemorrhage,
corkscrew hair- pinpoint bleeding around hair follicles,
periungual hemorrhage- include pinpoint bleeding under the nails,
Bruising and hemorrhages |
| vitamins that are absorbed together with fat
from the intestine, and into the bloodstream. | Fat-soluble vitamins |
| • Vision- Light-dark Vision; Color vision
• Health of Other Cells
• Growth, Development
and reproduction
• Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention
• Cancer Prevention | Vitamin A |
| is the chemical name of Vitamin A
Because of its major function in the retina of the eye. | Retinol |
| • Dim-light photoreceptor in the retina
•Is formed from retinal, a vitamin A substance,
and opsin, a protein.
•Is commonly known as the visual purple
• an essential part of the pigment of the eye to be able to
adjusts to light variations | Rhodopsin |
| • The “anti-infection” vitamin
• Epithelial cells – serve as important
barriers to bacterial infection ;
secrete mucus
• Hence, its deficiency can increase
risk for infections. | Vitamin A: Health of other cells |
| Vitamin A: Growth, development and Reproduction | • Vitamin A Binds to DNA and in turn causes a
cell to increase its synthesis of proteins that
stimulate proper growth and development
• Producing some components of bone
requires vitamin A. |
| Vitamin A prevention: | Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Linked to carotenoids antioxidant capability
Cancer Prevention:
• Vitamin A is a valuable tool in
the fight of:
• Skin Ca
• Lung Ca
• Bladder Ca
• Breast Ca
• Prostate Ca – carotenoid
lycopene (tomatoes,
watremelon) |
| Vitamin A: Analogs for acne: Acne medications:
• Toxicity: | 1. Tretinoin (Retin-A) – topical treatment
2. 13-cis retinoic acid (Accutane) – oral drug to treat serious acne
birth defects in the
offspring of women using it
during pregnancy |
| Vitamin A: Recommended intake: (RDA, based on providing optimum storage of Vitamin A in the liver) | • Vitamin A is measured as retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
• 900 mcg RAE (men)
• 700 mcg RAE (women) |
| Forms of Vitamin A:
• Active form of vitamin A
• Found in animal foods
• Is the natural form of vitamin A, found
only in animal food sources usually
associated with fats. | Retinoids |
| Forms of Vitamin A:
Preformed vitamin A:
Provitamin A: | 1.) preformed vitamin A: Retinol/retinoids
2.) Provitamin A: beta-carotene |
| VITAMIN A sources
Animal-related foods/Retinoids | • Whole milk
• Butter
• Liver
• Egg yolks
• Fatty dish |
| Forms of Vitamin A CAROTENOIDS: Precursors forms of vitamin A Found in plant foods:
• Is the primary source of Vitamin A from plants foods.
• Nutritionally is the most active and most plentiful of the carotenoids.
• This is the original substance found in plants (pigments) that animals have
eaten and converted to vitamin A
• Is called carotene, because one of its main sources is the yellow pigment of
carrots | Carotenoid Beta- Carotene: |
| VITAMIN A sources: Carotenoids | • Deep green, yellow,
and orange fruits and
vegetables such as:
– Carrots
– Broccoli
– Tomatoes
– Spinach |
| Vitamin A Deficiency: Is caused by a lack of
dietary intake | PRIMARY |
| Vitamin A Deficiency:
• Is the result of chronic fat malabsorption.
• As liver becomes depleted, symptoms develop. | SECONDARY |
| • It comes from the Greek "xeros" (dry) + "ophthalmos" (eye) = dry eye.
• Specific cause: lack of mucus production by the eye. | Xerophthalmia |
| Xerophthalmia: Difficulty seeing in the dark because the retina cannot adjust to low amounts of light.
can usually be cured in about 30 minutes by an
injection of vitamin a(retinol), which is readily converted into retinal and then into rhodopsin | Xerophthalmia: Night Blindness |
| Xerophthalmia: The white of the eye loses its shine and begins to wrinkle. | Xerophthalmia: Xerosis (Dry Eyes): |
| Xerophthalmia: Patches of little gray bubbles on the
whites of the eye. | Xerophthalmia: Bitot's Spots: |
| Xerophthalmia: Dullness or damage to the cornea. | Xerophthalmia: Corneal Ulceration : |
| Xerophthalmia: A condition, characterized by softening and
subsequent ulceration and perforation of the cornea.
soft or bulging cornea. | Keratomalacia: |
| Vitamin A: Toxicity: Toxicity does not occur from carotenoid precursor in foods.
• If carotenoids is taken in excess ----- ----skin | takes on an orange hue |
| • Functions:
1.) Helps regulate Calcium and
Phosphorus absorption from the
intestine.
2.) It reduces kidney excretion of calcium
3.) Helps regulate deposition of calcium in
the bones. | Vitamin D |
| general name given to Vitamin D | Calciferol |
| Vitamin D is produced by your ??? in response to
exposure to ultraviolet radiation from natural sunlight. | skin |
| The healing rays of natural sunlight (that generate vitamin D in your skin) cannot penetrate | glass |
| It is nearly impossible to get adequate amounts of vitamin D from your diet. ??? is the only reliable way
to generate vitamin D in your own body. | Sunlight exposure |
| A person would have to drink ??? of vitamin D fortified milk each day just to get minimum levels of vitamin D into
their diet. | ten tall glasses |
| The further you live from the equator, the ??? exposure you need to the sun in order to generate vitamin D. Canada, the
UK and most U.S. states are far from the equator. | longer |
| People with dark skin pigmentation may need ???
times as much exposure to sunlight as fair-skinned people
to generate the same amount of vitamin D. | 20 - 30 |
| Sufficient levels of vitamin D are crucial for calcium absorption in
your intestines. Without sufficient vitamin D, your body cannot
???, rendering calcium supplements useless. | absorb calcium |
| Chronic vitamin D deficiency
cannot be reversed overnight: it
takes ??? of vitamin D
supplementation and sunlight
exposure to rebuild the body's
bones and nervous system. | months |
| Even weak sunscreens (SPF=8)
block your body's ability to
generate vitamin D by ???. This is
how sunscreen products actually
cause disease-- by creating a
critical vitamin deficiency in the
body. | 95% |
| It is impossible to generate too
much vitamin D in your body from
sunlight exposure: your body will | self-regulate and only generate
what it needs. |
| SPF ratings ???, effectively
block synthesis of
vitamin D in the skin. | greater than 8 |
| If it hurts to press firmly on your ???,
you may be suffering from chronic vitamin D
deficiency right now. | sternum |
| Vitamin D is "activated" in your body by
your ??? before it can be used. | kidneys and liver |
| Vitamin D: Recommended Intake: | • AI (Adequate Intake) for Vitamin D – 5 mcg
• 10 mcg (400 IU)--- 51-70 years old
• 15 mcg (600 IU)--- 70 above |
| Deficiency of Vitamin D: is the softening and weakening of bones in children
-Soft spot on baby's head is slow to close.
-bony necklace
-curved bones
-big, lumpy joints
-bowed legs (knees bent out) | Rickets |
| •Adult form of rickets.
•It is a disease
characterized by
weak, soft, or brittle
bones in adults.
•Symptoms include
muscle weakness
and bone pain. | osteomalacia |
| It is a condition in which the bone
density is reduced and the
remaining bone is brittle and
breaks easily. | osteoporosis |
| Deficiency is a concern when the lack of exposure to sunlight occurs as a result of: | 1) Environmental Limitations
2) Cultural Clothing customs that conceal the body
3) The inability of older persons or adults with
disabilities to get outdoors, resulting in malnourishment |
| Vitamin D toxicity:
• Hypercalcemia:
• Hypercalciuria:
• Toxicity symptoms occur when: | - (high blood levels of Calcium)
-(high calcium level in Urine)
-dietary intake of Vitamin D is just above the
UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level)of 50
mcg 0r 2000 IU, making Vitamin D the
most toxic of vitamins. |
| Functions: • Acts as an antioxidant, protecting
polyunsaturated fatty acids and Vitamin A in cell
membranes from oxidative damage by being
oxidized itself.
---This is particularly important in protecting the
integrity of lung and RBC cell membranes, which
are exposed to large amounts of oxygen.
• Acts as an antioxidant in conjunction with
Selenium and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). | Vitamin E (Tocopherol) |
| Vtiamin E (recommended Intake): | • Vitamin E is measured in terms of alpha-
tocopherol equivalent (a-TE).
• The RDA for men & women: 15 mg a-TE
• 1 mg a-TE = 1.49 IU
• 30-70 mg a-TE (50-100 IU)- protection
against heart disease and possible
reduced risk to prostate CA
• Optimum level is still being checked. |
| Vitamin E: caution: | • Check with a Primary Health Care Provider
before supplementing with Vitamin E.
• Vitamin E increases the risk of stroke to those
with hypertension.
• It is also contraindicated for individuals taking
Warfarin (Coumadin) or other medicines that
inhibit blood clot because Vitamin E may
affect the efficacy of the medications. |
| vitamin E deficiency:
-Can occur in premature infants
- Others who cannot
absorb fat:
• cystic fibrosis
• biliary atresia
• Hepatobiliriary sytem/liver transport problems | Secondary |
| Vitamin E deficiencies: Primary: | Rare |
| Vitamin E: Toxicity | • No evidence of toxicity associated with excessive
intake of Vitamin E.
• 70-530 mg a-TE (100-800 IU) per day – appear to
be tolerated, but the values has not been
determined.
• Contraindication: Anticoagulant therapy,
Coagulation disorder, Vitamin K deficiency
• A UL of 100 mg a-TE has been set. |
| • The "K" is derived from the German word "koagulation."
•Coagulation refers to the process of blood clot formation.
•Prothrombin (clotting factor II), if combined with Calcium ( factor IV) –helps produce the clotting effect.
-also known as phytonadione
• Functions:
1.) Is a cofactor in the synthesis of blood clotting factors, including prothrombin.
2.) Protein formation in bone, kidney, and plasma also
depends on the actions of Vitamin K.
• AI for Vitamin K: 120 mcg for men and 90 mcg for women.
Toxicity: none | Vitamin K |
| Sources of Vitamin K | • It is available from dietary source
such as dark green leafy vegetable
(collard greens, kale, mustard
greens, spinach, swiss chard,
turnip greens) .
• Lesser amounts are found in dairy
products, cereals, meats and fruits.
• It can be synthesized by the micro
flora in the jejunum, ileum of the
digestive tract. |
| Sources of Vitamin K: Form of Vitamin K consumed from plants | Phylloquinone |
| Sources of Vitamin K: form of Vitamin K produced via bacterial synthesis | menaquinone |
| Vitamin K: Deficiency: | increased propensity to bruising and bleeding. |
| Problems from a lack of
vitamin K would result from: | 1.) Absence of intestinal bacteria
2.) Prolonged antibiotic therapy
3.) Lack of bile to absorb the vitamin
4.) Gallbladder disease and injury
5.) Interference with prothrombin formation
6.) Result of anticoagulant therapy In CV disease
7.) Impaired absorption of the vitamin in the intestinal diseases affecting the mucosa and its absorbing surface. Eg. Celiac’s disease |
