Experiment in the behaviorist approach, Watson made a child afraid of all furry animals. Part of classical conditioning Exposed a child to a NS (rat) and a UCS (loud banging)

What is the little Albert experiment

Experiment in the behaviorist approach, Watson made a child afraid of all furry animals. Part of classical conditioning Exposed a child to a NS (rat) and a UCS (loud banging)

Long term memory. capacity coding and duration

Capacity: Potentially unlimited Coding: Semantic Duration: Potentially unlimited

How do you lose Sensory, short term, and long term memory

Sensory: Lack of attention, decay STM:Displacement, decay LTM:Interferance, decay, retrieval failure

What is the little Albert experiment

Experiment in the behaviorist approach, Watson made a child afraid of all furry animals. Part of classical conditioning Exposed a child to a NS (rat) and a UCS (loud banging)

How do memories move into the different stages

Environment--> sensory --> attention --> Elaborate rehearsal --> long term memory

Who was John B Watson

American founder of the behaviorist approach, did the Little Albert experiment

What did sperling do

Multi store model, studied capacity of sensory register using 3 rows of letters and tone to signify which one to recall, they increased the time between seeing the letters and the tones to see how long the capacity is

What did Jacobs do

Multi store model capacity of STM. 443 female participants asked to read digits and letters and recall them in the correct order. The length of the digits and letters increased every time, the amount of characters recalled was the capacity of sensory memory, which is 5-9

What did Peterson and Peterson do

Multi store model duration of STM Trigram followed by distractor task which lasted an increasing amount of time. The amount of time that still allowed people to recall the trigram was the duration of short term memory, which is 18sec

What did tulving do

Used brain scans to determine where different LTM are stored. Episodic in temporal lobe, semantic in hippocampus, and procedural in cerebellum

What did bahrick do

Multi store model duration of LTM. Asked people to recall names of people in their graduating yearbook. Duration was tested by asking people of different ages. Duration was potentially lifelong

What did baddeley do

Muti store model coding of STM and LTM. Showing participants 4 sets of words that were either acoustically similar/dissimilar, and semantically similar/dissimilar. They had to recall the lists right away (STM) and then 20 mins later (LTM). People got the most mistakes on acoustically similar words for STM, therefore STM codes acoustically. People got the most mistakes on semantically similar words in LTM, therefore LTM codes semantically.

What is HM case study

HM had an operation to remove his hippocampus to cure this epilepsy. This worked, but he lost the ability to lo learn new episodic or semantic memories, he could still learn new procedural memories

What is the little Albert experiment

Experiment in the behaviorist approach, Watson made a child afraid of all furry animals. Part of classical conditioning Exposed a child to a NS (rat) and a UCS (loud banging)

What is the little Albert experiment

Experiment in the behaviorist approach, Watson made a child afraid of all furry animals. Part of classical conditioning Exposed a child to a NS (rat) and a UCS (loud banging)

What are the key ideas of the behaviorist approach

We should not study mental processes, but rather what we see/measure We were born a blank slate (tabula vasa) basic processes of learning are the same in all species

Who did classical conditioning

Watson and pavlov

Who did operant conditioning

Skinner

What was skinner's research

Learning is abnormal active process. Positive/negative reinforcement/punishment. Operant conditioning

What was pavlov's research

Learning is a passive process, dogs learned to salivate at food learned through association through a series of conditioned/unconditioned stimuli and response.

Internal reliability

The extent to which a measure is consistent within itself e.g the first half of a depression questionare would produce the same result as the second half

External reliability

How consistent a measure is from one user per time. eg a colorblind test will always have the same result no matter when take it.

Internal validity

Are you actually measure the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

External validity

Can the findings of the experiment be applied to real life

Ecological validity

External validity in relation to the setting, for example if the test was done in a lab would it be applicable to real life

Temporal validity

External validity in relation to time, will the results be the same as time passes

Who was Descartes

French Philosopher who was the first guy to separate mind from body, called cartesian dualism

Who was Wundt

German Guy to invented introspection

Positives and negatives of introspection

Positive Standardized, useful insights if they do it properly, proper introspection trains participants in a lab setting. Negative Unfalsifiable, demand characteristics

Who founded the cognitive approach

Ulric Neisser, German born American psychologist

What is cognitive approach

Comparing human mind to computer using Inferences, Theoretical models, and Schema

What is schema

The idea that information is stored as 'folders' in your brain, these develop through experience and everyone's schema is unique to themselves

What is fMRI machine

Machine that scans blood flow in the brain, psychologists infer that this measures oxygen levels and therefore which parts of the brain are working

Disadvantages to the cognitive approach PEELS

Based on inferences - subjective, psychologists are making assumptions - each psychologist may come up with a different assumption - lower inter observer reliability compares human mind to computer - humans can process information logically like computers- human minds can process emotions where computers cannot - Reductionist

What is cognitive neuroscience

Computer models which mimic the human mind, merges biological and cognitive approaches to psychology.

What are theoretical models

The comparison of the human mind to a computer. That information in the brain is processed in stages, where memories and information are stored as files and folders (schema)

What are inferences

The assumption of the mental process behind and input and output

What have modern psychologist built to mimic the human mind

Computer models

Nature or nurture

More nature the comparison of the human mind to a computer suggests a predetermined "code" or set of rules that cannot be changed

Free will or determinism

Deterministic the idea that thoughts and feelings are driven entirely by mental processes that cannot be changed. Things like schema are shaped by the environment, which is out of control of the person

Holistic or reductionist

Reductionist The comparison of the human mind to a computer oversimplifies the complexity of the human mind, as computers can;t do things like processing emotion.

Idiograophic or nomothetic

Nomothetic suggests that everyone has the same mental processes that work in the same way however there are some idiographic elements, such as schema being unique to each individual

Is social learning theory Holistic or reductionist

Combines cognitive and behaviorist approach

Social learning theory nature or nurture

Nurture, Albert Bandar states that all behaviours is learned from experience

How do humans learn directly/indirectly

Humans learn directly through classical/operant conditioning, but also learn indirectly through vicarious reinforcement.

Modelling

Imitating behaviors of people you identify with, can be someone attractive, higher status, or similar characteristics. May not be physically present

Vicarious reinforcement

Seeing behavior and consequences of behavior, and imitating/avoiding the behavior according to that

What are the 4 meditational processes

Attention- Noticing behavior Retention- Remembering behavior Motor reproduction- replicate behavior Motivation- Will to perform behavior

Key ideas of biological approach

Neurochemistry is responsible for behavior, which has a physiological source, and can be altered by the environment

Genotypes

Genetic code in DNA. The potential for the characteristic to be shown

Phenotypes

How the genotype is expressed in the environment. Observable characteristics.

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Releases hormones that make you driven and motivated, such as dopamine

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Releases hormones that make you calm, such as seritonin

Biological approach nature or nurture

Mostly nature, due to brain scans, genes, hormones etc suggest that we are born with our characteristics. Some elements of nurture, as phenotypes and evolution are affected by the environment

Biological approach holistic or reductionist

Reductionist, just looking at biology, lowest level of explanation

Biological approach idiographic or nomothetic

General laws of behavior based on biology

Key ideas of psychodynamic approach

Early childhood experience determines adult personality

What part of the mind can be manifested in dreams or parapaxes

Precocious level

What is the tripartite model

Id, ego, superego. Devil, angel, and balance

What are the psychosexual stages of development

Oral 0-1 Anal 1-3 Phallic 3-5 Latency 5-12 Genital

What are the consequences of unresolved anal conflict

Widthholding- perfectionist, obsessive Expelling- thoughtless, messy

Define Holism vs reductionism

Holism- Can only understand someone by studying them as a whole individual Reductionism- reduce behavior down to specific parts to understand it, for example you can understand someone by looking at things like genetic and family life

Define Idiographic vs nomothetic

Idiographic- Individuals and what makes them unique Nomothetic- psychology Formulates general laws of behaviour

Field experiments

Carried out in natural/everyday setting. manipulable IV

Natural experiments

Situational factors such as people who have broken a bone (naturally occurring IV). does not manipulate IV. controlled/natural setting

Quasi experiments

Naturally occurring IV. Participant factors (e.g age or gender). controlled/natural setting. doesn't manipulate IV

Lab experiments

Experiment carried out in a special environment where variables can be controlled (doesn't necessarily have to be a lab). Manipulate IV

4 advantages of lab experiments

Control of extraneous variables can establish cause and effect good internal reliability replicable

5 disadvantages of lab experiments

Demand characteristics no mundane realism no generalisability fake setting low external validity

Advantages of field experiment

Better generalizability no demand characteristics mundane realism good ecological validity because of authentic behaviour due to ppts being unaware of being studied

Disadvantages of field experiment

Bad internal reliability bad external reliability cant establish cause and effect unethical because they cannot get consent extraneous varaibles

Advantages of natural experiment

We can find out about topics and cases we can't see or study otherwise high external validity

Disadvantages of natural experiment

Rare cases mean that you may not be able to find a large enough sample size depending on the strata low generalizability risk of confounding variables due to rare cases not being exactly the same/perfectly controlled

Advantages of quasi experiment

Easy to collect ppts in controlled conditions- better external validity

Disadvantages of quasi experiment

Confounding variables no control cannot randomly split ppts because IV is pre decided (e.g boys and girls)

Independant groups design

All participants experience one side of the IV only

Repeated measures design

All participants experience all conditions of the IV

Matched pairs design

How to group participants. They are paired together based on a variable relevant to the investigation, then split into two groups

Systematic sample

Every nth number of the population

Stratified sample

Sample represents proportions of people in sub groups (strata) eg, 100 students, 50% boys. Sample should be 10 students, 5 boys.

Volunteer sample

Anyone who wants to do it can do it

Opportunity sample

Researcher selects whoever is available

Stratified sample advantages

Representative sample no bias

Stratified sample disadvantages

Time consuming complete representation is impossible due if there is multiple strata

Cognitive peel points

Strength- treat psychological disorders Strength- use of scientific methods- Weakness- compares mind to computer- Weakness- research lacks ecological validity-

Cognitive strength of treating psychological disorders EEL

Strength- treat psychological disorders- explain depression-treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy-improve lives of millions

Cognitive strength of using scientific methods EEL

Research in lab with controlled conditions- cognitive neuroscience, fMRI is objective-Aligns psychology with natural sciences

Behaviorist peel points

Strength-scientific strength-principles of conditioning are used in real world weakness- ethical issues with animals in research weakness- mechanistic view on behavior

Social learning theory peel points

Bobo doll experiments support principles of social learning theory strength-more comprehensive explanation of behavior than behaviorist approach

Procedure of yuille and cutshall study

Natural experiment involving a real life gun shooting 13 witnesses were interviewed right after the shooting by police, then 4-5 months after by psychologists. They were asked to rate their stress level at the time of the incident, along with two misleading questions.

Findings of yuille and cutshall study

The more stressed they were, the more details the participants could recall Small details like height, weight, or age estimates were sometimes wrong

Evaluations of yuille and cutshall study

Good ecological validity and no mundane realism--> this was a natural experiment involving a real gun shooting replicated police interviews bad gerneralisablility because there were only 13 participants and they studied one unique event only. contradicts Johnson and scott study

Anxiety's positive effect on EWT

Fight or flight--> physiological arousal Could lead to more accurate EWT as people tend to focus on important details to survive+are on high alert

What does the Yerkes-dodson law describe

Relationship between emotion arousal (anxiety) and performance. If its too low or too high you wont remember much, if its moderate then you will remember more

What is the negative effect of anxiety on EWT

High levels anxiety cause tunnel vision where subjects focus entirely on the object causing anxiety (weapon, etc). This leads to poor and inaccurate EWT

Procedure of Johnson and scott study

Johnson and scott made participant think that they were taking place in another lab study. While they were doing the fake study, they heard arguing in another room, then they experienced one of two conditions: 1: A man walks through the door with a pen and grease in his hands (low stress) 2: The argument included the sound of glass breaking, and the man comes through with a bloody letter opener ppts were then asked to identify the right man

Findings of johnson and scott study

Low stress= better recall, 49% accurate High stress= worse recall, 33% accurate