Physical education a level
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| What is the definition of health (1) | The complete state of physical, emotional, and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease or infirmity |
| What are the two types of Cholesterol and what is the bad one | LDL and HDL, L dl is the bad one because it carries fatty acids to the heart whereas HDL carries fatty acids to the liver to be destroyed. |
| What is the definition of fitness (1) | The ability to meet the demands of the environment and have reserves incase of an emergency |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| How are trained individuals different from untrained individuals(4) | Increased cardiac output Increased stroke volume Increased muscular and cardiac hypertrophy lower resting heart rate higher aerobic capacity (more oxygen delivered to muscles) more tidal volume (more oxygen per breath) higher bone density |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Define stroke volume (1) | The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per pump |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Define venous return(1) | The volume of blood returning to the heart during diastole |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Define the terms used for the heart relaxing and contracting (2) | Relax= diastole Contract= systole |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| State the formula of Ejection fraction(1) | Formula = Stroke volume/end diastolic volume |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Define ejection fraction (1) | Definition= % of blood in ventricles pumped out per stroke |
| What are the average ejection fractions at rest and during exercise (1) | Rest=60% Exercise= up to 85% (or increase from 60% is fine) |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Describe the transport of a red blood cell and its oxygenation status in the cardiac cycle (4) | Vena cava (no)-->Right atrium(no)-->right ventricle(no)-->pulmonary artery(no)-->lungs(gets it here)-->pulmonary vein (yes)--> left atrium(yes)--> left ventricle(yes)--> aorta(yes)-->body(yes) |
| Define myogenic in terms of the Sino Atrial Node (1) | The Sino Atrial Node produces it's own electrical impulse |
| What are the two types of Cholesterol and what is the bad one | LDL and HDL, L dl is the bad one because it carries fatty acids to the heart whereas HDL carries fatty acids to the liver to be destroyed. |
| Where is the Cardiac control center located | Medulla oblongata |
| Chemoreceptors | Detect chemical changes in blood, such as Carbon dioxide and oxygen, located in carotid arteries and aortic arch |
| Baroreceptors | Detects changes in blood pressure. found in arterial wall and changes are detected with nerve endings |
| Proprioceptors | Detects movement and body position. Found in sensory nerve endings in muscles, joints and tendons. |
| Why does the heart rate stay elevated after stopping excersise | To get rid of the excess lactic acid through oxidation |
| Parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system | Parasympathetic= Relaxes body (calming) Sympathetic= Hypes up Body (arousal) |
| During submaximal excersise, how much will the HR increase | HR will increase to meet the oxygen demand |
| During maximal excersise, how does the HR increase | Proportional increase until max HR (220-age) is reached |
| Venous return | Return of blood to the right side of the heart via vena cava |
| Starlings law | The more blood returns to the heart, the more blood we can get out of the heart |
| At rest, how much blood is in the veins | 70% of blood is in the veins at rest, meaning 70% of blood doesn't have oxygen at rest |
| How does the body assist the veins in returning blood to the heart during exercise | Skeletal muscle pump- contracting muscles press on veins Respiratory pump- Pressure changes during breathing press on veins Pocket valves- Stops back flow of blood Thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins gravity, on the veins at the top part of the body only suction pump of heart, diastole |
| Venous return equation | (venous pressure-right arterial pressure) / venous vascular resistance |
| Venous blood | Blood in veins |
| Arterial blood | Blood in veins |
| Why does training increase AVO2 difference | More oxygen can be extracted from blood |
| Role of oxygen in muscles | Aerobic respiration/production of ATP Removal or CO2 and lactic acid |
| Plasma | Fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them |
| Hemoglobin | Transports oxygen around the body |
| Myoglobin | Muscle hemoglobin, higher affinity for oxygen. acts as a store of oxygen for quick aerobic use |
| Mitochondria | Site of aerobic respiration |
| Oxygen dissociation | Oxygen diffuses from hemoglobin to muscles |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma 97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Short term effects of exercise on heart | Higher heart rate Increases stroke volume Vascular shunting Cardiovascular drift Increase cardiac output Increased AVO2 difference |
| Long term effects of exercise on heart | Cardiac hypertrophy Lower resting heart rate (<60=bradycardia) Increased maximum cardiac output Increased ejection fraction Increased capillarization of heart |
| NA | NA |
| Influence of public school boys on sport | Taking their school sports to university--> beyond Codification- Devising a series of rules Increased free time- work become more efficient Public provision- Developing facilities to play sport Professionalism- Educated people acted as agents, promoters, setting up teams, sportsmanship, etc |
| Influence of new public schools | Taking their home sports to school codification- devising a series of rules within the school more literacy, people could now read and write recreational activities became more popular as a way of controlling energetic boys |
| Characteristics of popular recreation | Violent/male dominated Simple/no rules NOTDONE |
| How did sports spread around the world | Public school boys left school and went into positions to power/authority. They took their knowledge of sport with them wherever they worked. |
| Why did athletes start getting paid | Athletes didn't want to compete due to missing work Organisations wanted good players from around the country increased professionalism as money is now involved |
| Impact of the large influence of the British empire on sport | Ethics/sportsmanship- instilling britishness into people they were conquering Moral values of sport spread to other countries |
| Moral values of sport | Discipline respect teamwork leadership communication |
| Muscular christianity | Physical beauty of athleticism- people wanted to be like athletic people, so they played sport contributed to development of modern Olympic Games |
| Feedback | Information to aid error correction |
| Advantages of feedback | Help build confidence in the athlete reinforces the correct actions correct errors eliminates bad habits motivator |
| Types of feedback | Knowledge of results- outcome knowledge of performance- skill specific intrinsic - internal factors extrinsic - outside factors positive negative |
| Guidance | Methods used to assist learning of skill |
| Types of guidance | Mechanical guidance- using technology or apparatus manual guidance verbal guidance visual guidance |
| Corinthian spirit | Used to display good sportsmanship |
| Gentleman Amateurs | Ex Public school boy Respected as a high value member of society Social elite Participation was character building Range of sports/natural talent Played to a high moral code |
| Pulmonary ventilation | Breathing |
| Where is respiratory control center located | Medula oblongata |
| Inspiratory center | Inspiration and expiration Diaphragm and external intercostals |
| Expiratory center | Inactive during quiet breathing, active during excersise sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pec minor |