| What is the definition of health (1) | The complete state of physical, emotional, and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease or infirmity |
| What is the definition of fitness (1) | The ability to meet the demands of the environment and have reserves incase of an emergency |
| how are trained individuals different from untrained individuals(4) | increased cardiac output
Increased stroke volume
Increased muscular and cardiac hypertrophy
lower resting heart rate
higher aerobic capacity (more oxygen delivered to muscles)
more tidal volume (more oxygen per breath)
higher bone density |
| define stroke volume (1) | the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per pump |
| define venous return(1) | The volume of blood returning to the heart during diastole |
| define the terms used for the heart relaxing and contracting (2) | Relax= diastole
Contract= systole |
| State the formula of Ejection fraction(1) | Formula = Stroke volume/end diastolic volume |
| define ejection fraction (1) | Definition= % of blood in ventricles pumped out per stroke |
| What are the average ejection fractions at rest and during exercise (1) | Rest=60%
Exercise= up to 85% (or increase from 60% is fine) |
| Describe the transport of a red blood cell and its oxygenation status in the cardiac cycle (4) | Vena cava (no)-->Right atrium(no)-->right ventricle(no)-->pulmonary artery(no)-->lungs(gets it here)-->pulmonary vein (yes)--> left atrium(yes)--> left ventricle(yes)--> aorta(yes)-->body(yes) |
| define myogenic in terms of the Sino Atrial Node (1) | The Sino Atrial Node produces it's own electrical impulse |
| What are the two types of Cholesterol and what is the bad one | LDL and HDL, L dl is the bad one because it carries fatty acids to the heart whereas HDL carries fatty acids to the liver to be destroyed. |
| Where is the Cardiac control center located | Medulla oblongata |
| Chemoreceptors | Detect chemical changes in blood, such as Carbon dioxide and oxygen, located in carotid arteries and aortic arch |
| Baroreceptors | detects changes in blood pressure. found in arterial wall and changes are detected with nerve endings |
| Proprioceptors | Detects movement and body position. Found in sensory nerve endings in muscles, joints and tendons. |
| why does the heart rate stay elevated after stopping excersise | To get rid of the excess lactic acid through oxidation |
| Parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system | Parasympathetic= Relaxes body (calming)
Sympathetic= Hypes up Body (arousal) |
| during submaximal excersise, how much will the HR increase | HR will increase to meet the oxygen demand |
| during maximal excersise, how does the HR increase | proportional increase until max HR (220-age) is reached |
| what is the hormone associated with the parasympathetic nervous system | acetocholine |
| venous return | return of blood to the right side of the heart via vena cava |
| Starlings law | The more blood returns to the heart, the more blood we can get out of the heart |
| at rest, how much blood is in the veins | 70% of blood is in the veins at rest, meaning 70% of blood doesn't have oxygen at rest |
| How does the body assist the veins in returning blood to the heart during exercise | Skeletal muscle pump- contracting muscles press on veins
Respiratory pump- Pressure changes during breathing press on veins
Pocket valves- Stops back flow of blood
Thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins
gravity, on the veins at the top part of the body only
suction pump of heart, diastole |
| venous return equation | (venous pressure-right arterial pressure) / venous vascular resistance |
| venous blood | blood in veins |
| arterial blood | blood in veins |
| why does training increase AVO2 difference | more oxygen can be extracted from blood |
| role of oxygen in muscles | aerobic respiration/production of ATP
Removal or CO2 and lactic acid |
| plasma | fluid part of blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them |
| hemoglobin | transports oxygen around the body |
| myoglobin | muscle hemoglobin, higher affinity for oxygen. acts as a store of oxygen for quick aerobic use |
| mitochondria | site of aerobic respiration |
| oxygen dissociation | oxygen diffuses from hemoglobin to muscles |
| How many oxygens can hemoglobin hold | 4 |
| How much blood is distributed to plasma and hemoglobin | 3% plasma
97% combines with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin |
| Short term effects of exercise on heart | Higher heart rate
Increases stroke volume
Vascular shunting
Cardiovascular drift
Increase cardiac output
Increased AVO2 difference |
| Long term effects of exercise on heart | Cardiac hypertrophy
Lower resting heart rate (<60=bradycardia)
Increased maximum cardiac output
Increased ejection fraction
Increased capillarization of heart |
