Geology
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Geology - Marcador
Geology - Detalles
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| How many spheres makde up Earth's system? Name the spheres. | Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Geosphere |
| Name the layers of the atmosphere by increasing altitude. | Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere |
| What gases are the atmosphere composed of? What is the percentage of those gases? | 78% N2 21% O2 0.93% Ar 0.035% CO2 0.0035% water vapor and ozone |
| What causes atmospheric circulation? What are the directions of this circulation? | -Due to solar radiation and temperature. -Vertic and horizontal. |
| What is atmospheric circulation? | Air masses flow arorund the earth that prevent overheating at equatorial regions and overcooling at polar regions. |
| Describe the mechanism of atmospheric circulation. |What happens?| | Warm air from the tropics is exhcanged for cooler air masses at the poles. |
| The interaction between which two spheres causes rainfall? | Geosphere and Atmosphere |
| What is the water cycle? | Continuous movement of water within the earth and atmosphere. |
| Describe the water cycle starting from seawater. | Seawater - evaporation -> condensation - clouds -> rainfall -> waterflow on the ground - into the earth/into plants, animals -> back to the sea. |
| What is groundwater? Where does it come from? | Groundwater is water that has seeped into the ground after rainfall. |
| What is porosity? | % of void in a rock (void meaning lack of material) |
| What is permeability? | Connectivity between pores. (void space filled or not) |
| What physical factors of rocks at diffrent layers cause the water gradient in the earth? | Upper layers -> high porosity&permeability Lower-> less porosity&permeability. |
| What is the geothermal system? | Groundwater being heated by underground heat sources. |
| What happens when groundwater is heated near faults? | Geysers and hot springs occur. |
| Define weathering. | Destruction and transformation of rocks and minerals. |
| Define mineral dissolution. | Minerals are broken down due to chemical processes and their components are dispersed into water. |
| What are Karst landscapes? | Landscapes rich in calcite limestone that is dissolved into watter, causing the formation of sinkholes, caves and underground rivers. |
| What causes the sea level to rise? | Melting glaciers |
| What comprises the biosphere? | All living organisms. |
| What kind of energy and material system is the biosphere? | Energy open and material closed system. |
| What natural processes comprise the carbon cycle? | Respiration, Decomposition, Combustion, Photosynthesis |
| Why is the carbon cycle important for the earth? | Carbon forms soil and reduces erosion. |
| What is bio-erosion and bio-accumulation? | -Biological organisms destroy geological materials. -Deposition of marine organism skeleltons form coral reefs. |
| Which sphere controls the rock cycle? | Geosphere. |
| What are the three main types of rocks? | Sedimentary, Metamorphic, Magmatic |
| Describe the rock cycle starting from Magma. | Magma -cool down -> tranportation to the surface by tectonics -> weathering, erosion -> transportation/accumulation -> sedimentary rock -> high temperature/pressure -> metamorphic rock -> melting -> Magma |
| What is the inner structure of the Earth? | Crust, Mantle, LIQUID Outer core, SOLID Inner Core. |
| What natural phenomenon creates the geothermal gradient? | Temperature decreasing from the inner core as it travels through the atmosphere. |
| What are the main chemical compounds of rocks that form the Crust? | Felsic rock (Fe-Si) |
| What are the main chemical compounds of rocks that form the Mantle? | Mafic rock (Mg-Fe) |
| What are the main chemical compounds that form the Core? | Iron and nickel |
| How does the hydrosphere affect the geosphere? | -Erosion (river erosion and river incision) -Deposition (new landforms) +Geothermal springs, Groundwater |
| How does the atmosphere affect the geosphere? | -Sediment transport (wind tranporting volcanic ash, sand dunes) -Soil formation (atmospheric gases affect rocks) |
| What natural phenomena is casued from the total reaction of the spheres? What are the types of this phenomena | Weathering. +Chemical weathering +Biological weathering +Physical weathering |
| What are tectonic plates? | Pieces of Oceanic Crust and Coninental crust that move. |
| What causes the movement of tectonic plates? | Mantle convection. |
| What phenomenas occur when tectonic plates move? | Deformations (mountains and basins), volcanism, earthquakes |
| What is the structure of a continental or oceanic-continental plate? | Young crust and craton. |
| What is the craton of a tectonic plate? | Craton is the plate's interior, made of old continental crust. (over 500million years old) |
| What is the young crust of a tectonic plate? | Young crust is the exterior of a plate, made of continental or oceanic-continental crust. |
| What is the structure of oceanic plates? | Banded strips of rock from different ages, made from mafic rock like basalt. |
| What are the types of plate boundaries? | Divergent, Convergent, Transform |
| What are divergent plate boundaries? | Boundaries that drift apart and form new oceanic crust andmid-ocean ridges (MOR) that have high volcanic activity. |
| How is new oceanic crust formed at divergent plate boundaries? | MORs form and a new oceanic crust is created along the axis of the MORs. |
| How do MORs record the direction of Earth's magnetic field? | When Lava erupts at a MOR and cools, the magnetic material align in the direction of the magnetic field -> creates symmetrical patterns along the MOR axis. |
| What landform is created at divergent plate boundaries? | Rift zones/valleys, ridges |
| What are convergent plate boundaries? | Plates boundaries that move towards each other, usually destructive. |
| What are subduction zones? | Zones where dense oceanic crust submerges under less dense continental crust. Sometimes deep sea trenches are formed at subduction zones. -> zones of strong deformation, earthquakes, active faults and growth of mountains. |
| True or False: When water is transported into the upper mantle, it reduces the melting temperature of mafic rock and creates magma. | True. Melted mafic rock is completely liquid, magma is almost solid and flows like a liquid -> cooler than liquid. |
| What are the types of convergent plate boundaries? [OO, CO, CC] | -Oceanic&Oceanic -Contintental&Oceanic -Continental&Continental |
| What happens when two oceanic plates converge? | -Creates aligned islands with volcanic arcs near the deep sea channel. |
| What happens when a Continental and Oceanic plate converge? | -Volcanic arcs and creation of mountain ranges. |
| What happens when two Continental plates converge? | -Mountain ranges are created due to strong compression of rocks. |
| What are transform plate boundaries? | Contact area when two tectonic plates slide horizontally against each other, also called conservative plate boundaries. |
| What are the types of transform plate boundaries? | Oceanic transformation disorder Continental transformation disorder (not that common) |
| What happens at transform oceanic plate boundaries? | Oceanic Transform Faults (TF) that are perpendicular to MORs. |
| What happens at tranform continental plate boundaries? | Land faults. (example: San Adreas Fault, USA) |
| What is the supercontinent cycle theory of Alfred Wegner? | All continents are formed from a single supercontinent that went through a phase of continental separation, then eventually comes back together to create another supercontinent. |
| What is plate tectonics theory? | From the movement of the continents, we can explain magnetic bands on the ocean floor, distribution of earthquakes, and internal dynamics of the earth. |
| Which tectonic plate is Vietnam located in? | Eurasia plate. |
| What is the name of the Subduction zone Vietnam is located in? | Sunda-Sumatra-Adaman Subduction zone or Sundaland block. |
| Name 3 faults that are in Vietnam. | Red River Fault Zone Dien Bien Phu Fault Hau River Fault Tam Ky - Phuoc Son Fault Rao-Nay Fault |
| What event created the Sundaland Block? | When the India and Eurasia plates collided. |
| What kind of fault is the Red River Fault Zone? | Strike-slip fault |
| What are faults? | Fractures / discontinuities in a volume of rock |
| What are folds? | Bending or curving of originally flat surfaces |
| What causes faults and folds? | Compression or constriction (compressive forces) -> up heaval or downheaval displacement Extension or stretching (tensional forces) -> pushoffs Shear forces -> horizontal displacement |
| What are normal faults? | Downward sinking of a block-> exention/stretching |
| What is Graben and Horst of a fault zone? | Graben: part that sinks Horst: part that is raised up |
| What are thrust faults? | Upward lifting of a block from compression -> shortening |
| What are strike-slip faults? | Blocks move sideways. From the view of the observer, if the block moves to the right -> dextral ; moves to the left -> sinistral |
| What are the 2 types of folds? | Anticlinal and Synclinal |
| Describe an Anticline fold. | Upward convex fold, like an inverted U. |
| Describe a Syncline fold. | Downward concave fold, like a U. |
| How do fault zones affect the construction of tunnels? | Fault zones are wear the rock is weak and sometimes here is groundwater flow -> collapse or flooding. |
| What is the name of the subduction zone of which Vietnam lays on? | Sunda-Sumatra-Adaman Subduction Zone or Sundaland block |
| Which tectonic plate is Vietnam located in? | Eurasian plate. |
| What kind of plate boundary causes normal faults? | Divergent plate boundaries |
| What kind of plate boundary causes Reverse faults and folds? | Convergent plate boundaries |
| What kind of plate boundary causes strike-slip faults? | Transform plate boundaries. |