GEOGRAPHY
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GEOGRAPHY - Marcador
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| What were the responses of your kashmir pakistan tectonic hazard case study? | 1)International aid - helicopters, rescue dogs and teams of people but many rescued very late or by hand with no equipment 2)Tents, blankets and medical supplies distributed but took 1 month to reach most areas 3)40,000 people from one town were relocated to a new settlement 4)Government movey was given for houses but many used it on food. After 3 years many still in temporary tents. 5)Aid was given for schools but 10 years later people still being taught outside. |
| Explain how sea ice positions can be used as evidence for climate change. | 1)The sea ice that forms around the poles is observed at the maximum and minimum extent of sea ice each year 2)The data is very reliable but accurate records dont go very far back |
| Give two worldwide environmental impacts of climate change. | 1)sea level rises losing habitat 2)change in precipitation patterns |
| Describe the antarctic treaty | 1)12 countries made it in 1959 they gave 6 principals -1-no mineral exploitation allowed -2-plants and animals must be concerved -3-areas of environment must be protected -4-rules for waste disposal, minimise waste -5-regualtions for sewage discharge from vessels -6-activities must have environmental impact assessment before hand 2)strict rules about introduction of non natives so ecosystem isnt disrupted, restrictions on eating drinking and weeing 3)globally agreed rules on tour operators only 100 visitors at one time 4)some think should be extended to cover ocean |
| Explain why the south and east of England lack glaciated landscapes? | This is because during the last glacial period, ice has covered the UK above the south and east of england so the ice only eroded the and deposited the material above the south and east of england. This is why the south and east of england lack glaciated landscapes. |
| Evalutate the impact of management on you chosen coastal landscape. | Dorset swanage bay Swanage beach is victim to to erosion putting people and properties at risk. Costal management strategies have been put in place to control this. 1)The first are the gyrone placed in 2005-6 - wooden or stone fences built at right angles to the coast. 2)They trap the material transported by longshore drift creating wider beaches slowing waves 3)environmental - stopped loss of beach material but starved other parts of the coast making them narrower economic - gyrones are not that expensive only costing around £10,000 each, however they require maintainance social - gyrones are unnatractive to tourists and they may detter them from visiting beaches 1)The second one is sea wall - concrete sea walls placed across most of swanage beach 2) reflect waves back out to sea preventing erosion of coast but can create strong backwashe eroding under the wall 3)environmental - they can destroy habitats through scarring which causes waves to damage unprotected areas economic - they are very expensive costing £6million per kilometre to construct but require little maintainance social - they are also unattractive dettering tourists |
| Explain the impacts of human activity on the Arctic ecosystem. | 1)Commercail fishing takes place in the Arctic ecosystem and causes heavy overfishing threatening species and destroying the biodiversity 2) environmental -In antarctica the patagonian toothfish has been fished to near extinction, furthermore overfishing produces waste such as fishing equipment which accounts for over 50% of the oceans plastic waste 3) economic - fishing is a very lucrative industry abd gas a tremendous impact on antarctic countries gdp 1)mineral extraction has been taken place in the arctic in places such as alaska due to its rich oil reserves 2) environmental - risk of oil spills which kill wildlife and are difficult to clean, extracting minerals produces pollution damaging ecosystems in the surrounding area 3) economic - minerals are incredibly highly demanded, it provides job opportunities and increases the countries gdp. |
| Describe your flash flooding case study. | Boscastle village, North coast of Cornwall 16th August 2004 |
| What were the causes of your flash flooding case study. | 1)low pressure system brought warm rising air from Atlantic ocean, cooled as it rose forming thuderstorms and intense rainfall. This also meant 75mm rain (monthly amount) fell in 2 hours 2)Previous rain wet the land so it couldnt absorb rain leading to surface run off 3)Bostcastle is in a steep-side valley in the confluence of 3 rivers. Steep valley side means surface ran off to river channels quickly so 2 billion litres of water funneled down river into boscastle 4)Cars and trees trapped in the arch of an old bridge forming a dam |
| What were the responses of your flash flooding case study. | 1)Emergency services aided with 7 helicopters rescuing around 100 people 2)Residents looked after in village hall and local accommodation 3)Homes, businesses and roads eventually rebuilt 4)The bridge arch was rebuilt higher less likely to trap debris 5)£10mil flood defence scheem in 2008 widening and deepening river |
| What were the consequences of your flash flooding case study. | 1)58 properties, 4 businesses, roads and bridges destroyed or damaged 2)Flood was sudden so couldn't evacuate or move belongings 3)50 cars washed out to sea - environmental pollution 4)Tourism industry dropped , 90% local economy reliant on tourism 5)1 injury, many stressed mainly because of insurance claims |
| Give the 3 ways to mitigate tectonic hazards. | 1)Early warning systems -networks of seismometers and lazers work together to moniter earths movements andareas of risk (few minutes/seconds before) -quick communication when shaking detected (sms/sirens) -useful as: people get under cover-stop delicate jobs(surgery)-shut of gas 2)Predicting and monitering volcanoes -scientists moniter tell-tale signs before through seismometers lasers, escaping gas and tiny quakes -monitered during eruptions - increase evacuation zone - track ashclouds for aircrafts - use gasmask for ash 3)Building design -buildings which dont collapse - less deaths, cheaper repairs -strengthen building and bridges -flexible pipelines prevents flooding and fires |
| Describe a Destructive Plate Boundary | - 2 plates move towards eachother - oceanic meets continental plate - denser (oceanic) plate is forced down into mantle & destroyed - often creates volcanoes & trenches |
| Describe a Collision Plate Boundary | - 2 Continental plates move towards each other - Both are folded & forced upwards creating Fold mountains |
| Describe a Constructive Plate Boundary | - 2 Plates move away from eachother - Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap & cools, creating new crust |
| Describe a Conservative Plate Boundary | - 2 plates move sideways past each other, or in the same direction at different speeds - Crust isn't created or destroyed |
| Give the 4 pull and push factors of Rapid urbanisation in LIDCs. | Push factors: 1)Natural disasters 2)Mechanisation of farming 3)Drought 3)Conflict Pull Factors: 1)More jobs 2)Education 3)Family reunion 4)Better quality of life |
| D | Df |
| What are the 3 economic consequences of rapid urbanisation? | 1)High levels of unemployment 2)People in informal employment get underpayed and jobs aren't taxed so economy stunted 3)People cant get jobs because they weren't educated |
| What are the social consequences of rapid urbanisation? | 1)Arent enough houses so people end up in squatter settlements 2)Infastrucure cant be built to keep up so people dont have access to basic services 3)High crime rate |
| State 3 parts of the enuiry process for geography fieldwork. | 1)Data colection 2)Data presentation 3)Conclusion |
| What are the environmental consequences of rapid urbanisation? | 1)Heaps of rubbish sometimes toxic 2)Sewage and toxic chemicals get into rivers damaging habitats 3)Congestion |
| 'The UK is dealing with ageing population very effectively.' To what extent do you agree with this statement? | 1) As no. old people increase, government may need to increase taxes or cut spending in other areas (education, defence) to fund more support & medical care 2) Government raising age of claiming pensions - people stay in work longer contributing to taxes, pensions more 3) Government encouraging people to save money for retirement. E.g. in 2015 they launched over-65's savings account 'pensioners bonds' with higher interest rates than many savings accounts 4) Government offers winter fuel allowance to older people, government may only give this to people who cant afford to heat there homes ∴ less money spent overall |
| Describe the housing availability in London. | 1)Supply cant meet demand so price rising 2)Average rent double uk average 3)Many have to live away from work or share homes |
| Describe the transport provision in London | 1)Frequent congestion 8mph 7am-pm in central 2)1million train passengers daily 3)delays due to overcrowding double 2013-15 |
| Describe the inequality in London. | 1)Kensington and Chelsea £130k+ Newham £35k 2)25% in poverty 3)Unhealthy lifestyle in poor areas 5yrs lower than wealthier |
| Give the 4 physical factors influencing development | 1)poor climate-reduced crop yield-malnutrition-less money-less tax 2)few natural resourses-less money or not infastructure to exploit resource 3)poor location-landlocked expensice export and import 4)natural hazards-death and destruction-money spent rebuilding |
| Give the 2 human factors influencing development. | 1)Conflict-infant mortality and health-money spent on arms and repairing damage 2)Debt-too poor to pay back |
| For an LIDC country you've studied, explain how international trade has influenced its development. | 1)DRC - internationally traded minerals coltan and wolframite with tech companies and diamonds and gold with jewlery companies such as Banro corp. 2)high population of over 79 million so demand for food and water very high - country at risk of trade deficit due to the increase of demand 3) benifits of trade - grew economy 7% from 2010-12 improving standards of living, establishing links countries more likely to invest problems of trade - due to reliance on primary goods, economy vulnerable due to falling prices 2008-9 , reliance on improting manufactured goods-vulnerable to increase prices, demand for minerals leads to uncontrolled exploitation and violation |
| Explain a top down development in drc. | 1)Grand Inga dam congo river 2017-$80bil-world bank & African development bank 2)Advantage-cheap clean energy, jobs 3)Disadvantage-risk lost money to corrupt oficial-hard for rural to recieve energy-flooding relocates 30k people |
| Analyse the success of one attempt to achieve food security at a national scale. | In the UK 1)GM crops - more food, smaller area, fewer resources 2)higher yield, resistance to drought, disease, pest 3)Pros - more nutritious food, environmental - less artificial chemicals, economic - cheaper - 70% of grocery store crops are gm Cons - reduce biodiversity, interbreed wild plants disrupting ecosystem |
| Explain why south and east england lack glaciated landscapes | This is because during the last glacial period, ice has covered the UK above the south and east of england so the ice only eroded the and deposited the material above the south and east of england. This is why the south and east of england lack glaciated landscapes. |
| Evaluate the impact of management on your costal landscape | Dorset swanage bay Swanage beach is victim to to erosion putting people and properties at risk. Costal management strategies have been put in place to control this. 1)The first are the gyrone placed in 2005-6 - wooden or stone fences built at right angles to the coast. 2)They trap the material transported by longshore drift creating wider beaches slowing waves 3)environmental - stopped loss of beach material but starved other parts of the coast making them narrower economic - gyrones are not that expensive only costing around £10,000 each, however they require maintainance social - gyrones are unnatractive to tourists and they may detter them from visiting beaches 1)The second one is sea wall - concrete sea walls placed across most of swanage beach 2) reflect waves back out to sea preventing erosion of coast but can create strong backwashe eroding under the wall 3)environmental - they can destroy habitats through scarring which causes waves to damage unprotected areas economic - they are very expensive costing £6million per kilometre to construct but require little maintainance social - they are also unattractive dettering tourists |
| Acivaes that release stuff | Farming livestock and rice paddies emit lots of methane which is a greenhouse gas. Burning fossil fuels also releases a greenhouse gas called carbon dioxide. Deforrestation releases the trapped carbon dioxide in treees aswell.Emmiting more greenhouses gasses enhance the greenhouse effect as they absorb and reradiate infrared radiation from the sun back to earth increasing global temperature. Temperatures are expected to rise by 0.3-4.8 meaning some habitats will be destroyed therefore causing animals such as certain bat species to become extinct. Furthermore precipitatioin patterns will change causing certain species to immigrate from lower to higher lattitudes. Sea temperature it is expected to rise from 12-76cm by 2095 destroying habitats that exist near coasts. This will cause in a rapid increase in coastal errosion leading to the economic impact of more money spent on coastal defence schemes. Another economic impact is more money spent on predicting extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. Also certain plants such as maize crops have gotten smaller due to the warming in the current years. Social impacts of climate change include the increase in wild fires putting some peoples lives at risk due to the destruction of homes. Some areas may become hot and dry causing them to be inhabitable leading to mass migration and therefore overcrowding. Low crop yields can also increase malnutrition, ill health and death from starvation. |
| Describe the human activity in the arctic ecosystem | 1)Commercail fishing takes place in the Arctic ecosystem and causes heavy overfishing threatening species and destroying the biodiversity 2) environmental -In antarctica the patagonian toothfish has been fished to near extinction, furthermore overfishing produces waste such as fishing equipment which accounts for over 50% of the oceans plastic waste 3) economic - fishing is a very lucrative industry abd gas a tremendous impact on antarctic countries gdp 1)mineral extraction has been taken place in the arctic in places such as alaska due to its rich oil reserves 2) environmental - risk of oil spills which kill wildlife and are difficult to clean, extracting minerals produces pollution damaging ecosystems in the surrounding area 3) economic - minerals are incredibly highly demanded, it provides job opportunities and increases the countries gdp. |