What are the methods of Bacterial Resistance in Beta lactam type of drugs?

1 Efflux pumps 2 Beta-lactamases enzyme hydrolyze the amide bond of Beta-lactam ring (Inactivation) 3 Mutation of genes, altering the active sites and production of PBPs (penicillin binding proteins) 4 Closure of Porins 5 Impaired penetration of drug to target PBPs