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Chapter 3: Personal, Social, and Moral Development
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Pregunta:
List down Erikson's eight life-span stages in order.
Autor: Ahmad DanialRespuesta:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year) - Trust develops when infants receive consistently loving care. Mistrust results from unpredictable or harsh care. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years) - Autonomy develops when children use their newly formed mental and psychomotor skills to explore their worlds. Parents support autonomy by encouraging exploration and accepting the inevitable mistakes. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) - Initiative, a sense of ambition and responsibility, develops from encouragement of children's efforts to explore and take on new challenges. Overcontrol or criticism can result in guilt. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6- 12 years) - School and home provide opportunities for students to develop a sense of competence through success on challenging tasks. A pattern of failure can lead to feelings of inferiority. 5. Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 years) - Adolescents experiment with various roles in an atmosphere of freedom with clearly established limits. Confusion results when home environment fails to provide either the necessary structures or when it is overly controlling, failing to provide opportunities for individual exploration with different identity roles. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood) - Intimacy occurs when individuals establish close ties with others. Emotional isolation may result from earlier disappointments or a lack of developing identity. 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood) - Generativity occurs when adults give to the next generation though child rearing, productive work, and contributions to society or other people. Apathy or self-absorption can result from an inability to think about or contribute to the welfare of others. 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Old age) - Integrity occurs when people believe they've lived as well as possible and accept the inevitability of death. Remorse over things done or left undone leads to despair.
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