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level: Level 5 - V. ACNE & VI. PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCES & VII

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 5 - V. ACNE & VI. PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCES & VII

Question	Answer
1 usually caused by overproduction of sebum, hormones (more testosterone than estrogen), bacteria, genetics, and environmental factors. 2 exposure to this can induce lesions that may be opened (whitehead) or closed (blackhead).	1 Acne 2 Comedogenic chemicals - These lesions can be avoided by using non comedogenic facial products.
is one of the most disfiguring forms of acne in humans. Caused by the exposure to polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. Usually through occupational or environmental exposure Give ALSO ITS MANIFESTATIONS	Chloracne Manifestations: - Big comedones - Straw-colored cysts Other Manifestations: - Acne - Hypertrichosis - Hyperpigmentation - Brown discoloration of the nail - Conjunctivitis and eye discharge - Blackening of teeth
1 - Can develop into straw-colored cysts. 2 - Present behind the ears, around the eyes, on the shoulder, back, and genital area.	1 Big comedones 2 Straw-colored cysts
PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCES	1 Hyperpigmentation 2 Hypopigmentation
usually results from the increase in melanin production, or deposition of endogenous or exogenous pigments in the upper dermis. - can be caused by the deposition of metals and drugs in dermal tissue	Hyperpigmentation
is produced through a series of enzymatic pathways beginning with the amino acid tyrosine. Therefore, error in this pathway or exposure to tyrosine analogues (substances that mimic tyrosine) may result in abnormal pigmentation (hyperpigmentation).	Melanin
1 - is a loss of pigmentation from melanin. The melanocyte is damaged or there are vascular abnormalities 2 - Porcelain white appearance of the skin	1 Hypopigmentation 2 Vitiligo (under Hypopigmentation)
SELECTED CAUSES OF CUTANEOUS PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCES 1 Hyperpigmentation	Ultraviolet light exposure, Post Inflammatory changes (melanin & hemosiderin deposition) Hypoadrenalism, Internal malignancy
SELECTED CAUSES OF CUTANEOUS PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCES 1 Hyperpigmentation GIVE THE Chemical Exposures GIVE THE Drugs	Chemical exposures: --Coal Tar volatiles - Anthracene - Picric acid - Mercury - Lead - Bismuth - Furocoumarins (psoralens) - Hydroquinone (paradoxical) Drugs: - Chloroquine - Amiodarone- Bleomycin - Zidovudine (AZT) - Minocycline
SELECTED CAUSES OF CUTANEOUS PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCES II. Hypopigmentation/depigmentation/leukoderma	Post Inflammatory pigmentary loss Vitiligo Chemical leukoderma/hypopigmentation: - Hydroquinone - Monobenzyl, monoethyl, and monomethyl ethers of hydroquinone - p-(t-Butyl)phenol - Mercaptoamines - Phenolic germicides - p-(t-Butyl)catechols - Butylated hydroxytoluene
. Manifested by swollen pale red bumps or wheals on the skin that appears suddenly. Usually caused by food or drug allergies, and from plants and animals . occurs when IgE antibodies have been elicited through an immediate type I hypersensitivity reaction, either from previous or ongoing exposure to allergens. - Response ranges from Mild skin reaction to Anaphylaxis or death.	Urticaria - AKA Hives.
is the most life threatening dermatological disease that is caused by drugs and chemicals. It is the most severe end of a spectrum.	Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 1 Manifestations: 2 Characteristic Features: 3 Drugs that contribute: 4 Mediators (they induce TEN)	1 - Burning skin - Big blisters - Death from infections (sepsis) 2 - Apoptosis (cell death) of epidermal keratinocytes 3 - Anticonvulsants - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAID) - Antibacterial - Sulfonamides- Allopurinol - Nevirapine 4 - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) - FAS ligands
IX. SKIN CANCER (list of factors that can lead to development of skin cancer)	● Radiation ● UV-induced Skin cancer ● Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons ● Arsenic
1 can cause Severe burns, Squamous and Basal cell carcinoma, and Non melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). 2 can cause Non melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and Cutaneous malignant melanoma.	1 - X-ray (● Radiation) 2 Combination of UV-A and UV-B UV-induced Skin cancer