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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
HTA Properties and Impacts Assessed	1 Technical properties 2 Safety 3 Efficacy & Effectiveness 4 Economic attributes or impacts 5 Ethical, legal, and social considerations TEEES
include performance characteristics and conformity with specifications for design, composition, manufacturing, tolerances, reliability, ease of use, maintenance, etc.	Technical properties
a judgment of the acceptability of risk (a measure of the probability of an adverse outcome and its severity) associated with using a technology in a given situation	Safety
refer to how well a technology works, i.e., accomplishes its intended purpose, usually based on changes in one or more specified health outcomes or “endpoints”	Efficacy & Effectiveness
1 refers to the benefit of using a technology for a particular problem under IDEAL CONDITIONS 2 refers to the benefit of using a technology for a particular problem under GENERAL OR ROUTINE CONDITIONS,	1 Efficacy 2 Effectiveness
can be microeconomic and macroeconomic.	Economic attributes or impacts
1 concerns include costs, prices, charges, and payment levels associated with individual technologies. Other issues: comparisons of resource requirements and outcomes (cost effectiveness, cost utility, and cost benefit) 2 impacts on: a nation’s gross domestic product, national health care costs, and resource allocation across health care and other industrial sectors, and international trade. Other issues: effects of intellectual property policies, regulation, third-party payment, other policy changes affecting technological innovation, adoption, diffusion, and use.	1 Microeconomic 2 Macroeconomic
arise in HTA in the form of NORMATIVE CONCEPTS; choices about how and when to use technologies; research and the advancement of knowledge; resource allocation; and the integrity of HTA processes themselves ex. genetic testing, stem cells, scarce organs allocation	Ethical, legal, and social considerations
Main categories of health outcomes are:	Mortality – death rate Morbidity – disease rate
Measuring Health Outcomes:	1 Biomarkers, intermediate endpoints and surrogate endpoints 2 Quality of Life Measures
an OBJECTIVELY MEASURED VARIABLE or trait that is used as an INDICATOR of a normal biological process, a disease state, or effect of a treatment.	Biomarker (Biological marker)
1 NON-ULTIMATE ENDPOINT (e.g., not mortality or morbidity) that may be associated with disease status or progression toward an ultimate endpoint such as mortality or morbidity. They include certain biomarkers or disease symptoms. 2 a measure (typically a biomarker) that is used as a SUBSTITUTE for a CLINICAL ENDPOINT of interest, such as morbidity and mortality.	1 Intermediate endpoint 2 Surrogate endpoint
measures or indexes, provides a more complete picture of the ways in which health care affects patients. measures capture such dimensions (or domains) as: physical function, social function, cognitive function, anxiety/distress, bodily pain, sleep/rest, energy/fatigue and general health perception. These measures may be GENERIC or DISEASE-SPECIFIC.	Quality of life (QoL) “health-related quality of life”
Genetic measures used:	● CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) ● EuroQol (EQ-5D) ● Health Utilities Index ● Nottingham Health Profile ● Quality of Well-Being Scale ● Short Form (12) Health Survey (SF-12) ● Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36) ● Sickness Impact Profile
Health-Adjusted Life Years	1 Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) 2 Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) 3 Healthy-years equivalents (HYEs)
a unit of health care outcome that combines gains (or losses) in LENGTH OF LIFE w/ QUALITY OF LIFE. represent years of life subsequent to a health care intervention that are weighted or adjusted for the quality of life experienced by the patient during those years used primarily to adjust a person’s life expectancy by the levels of health-related quality of life that the person is predicted to experience during the remainder of life or some interval of it. purpose are to comparing the relative impact on personal and population health of specific diseases or conditions, comparing the relative impact on personal and population health of specific technologies	Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) QALY = length of life X Quality weight
are primarily used to measure population disease burden; they are a measure of something ‘lost’ rather than something ‘gained.’ represent levels of loss of functioning caused by mental or physical disability caused by disease or injury burden of disability in calculating __ depends on one’s age.	Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) DALY = years lived with disability + years of life lost
is a measure of outcome of health care programs that combines two outcomes of interest: quality of life and quantity of life.	Healthy-years equivalents (HYEs)