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level: level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: level 2

Question	Answer
— body has adapted to a certain drug at a particular dosage that it experiences withdrawal symptoms (usually negative and harmful) when patient stops taking them	Physical Dependence
— when a drug alters the brain of a patient to the point that their personality, focus, urges and etc. change	Psychological Dependence
— is when the body has adapted to a certain agent at a certain dosage to the point that the dosage does not provide the same effects as before, meaning the patient will most likely need more of the drug in order to get the same effects	Tolerance
— the inability to control the use of a substance due to our body building a tolerance and our mind becoming dependent on it	Addiction
— a drug that slows down action potential and with that, slows down the heart rate, lessens excitement, and other excitatory feelings	Depressant
— increases the action potential of a neuron signals, creating a more excited and energetic patient	Stimulant
CNS stimulant does not alter perception pleasant feeling increases cortisol and epinephrine	Caffeine
Properties of Alkaloids	1 low MW nitrogenous compounds 2 end products of detoxification reactions 3 can be anesthetics, analgesics, anti malarials, etc. 4 not unique to plants, found in secretions by animals (frog) and insects
has glycone (sugar for solubility) and aglycone/genin (therapeutic part) + glycosidic linkage	Glycosides
Glycoside Properties	(1) Glycoside contains sugar but still the physical , chemical, & therapeutic activity is based on aglycone portion. Sugar facilitates the absorption of the glycoside helping it to reach the site of action. (2) Crystalline, amorphous substance which are soluble in water and dilute alcohol but insoluble in chloroform and ether. The aglycone moiety is insoluble in nonpolar solvent like Benzene (3) Easily hydrolyzed by mineral acids, water, and enzyme (4) Cannot reduce Fehling’s solution until they are hydrolyzed (5) They show optical activity normally they are levorotatory.
chemical compounds essential to the body monomer is Fatty acids provide energy and insulation for cells Majority are produced by plants Major source of calories needed by humans, animals Source of essential fatty acids.	Lipids
Fatty Acids examples	1 Oleic acid, 2 Linoleic acid, 3 Palmitoleic acid, 4 Arachidonic acid.
Fats and Oils examples	Animal fats - Butter, Lard, Human fat, Herring oil Plant oils - Coconut oil, Corn, Palm, Peanut, Sunflower oil.
Examples of lipids	1 Fatty acids 2 Fats and Oils 3 Waxes (Spermaceti, Beeswax, Carnauba wax.) 4 Phospholipids (Lecithins, Cephalins, Plasmoalogens, Phosphatidyl inositols)
Flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It's also used to stabilize medicines and as a disinfectant. — derived from Citrate (acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate)	Citric Acid