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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
the brain and the spinal cord	Central Nervous system
Somatic Nervous system: Voluntary Movement Autonomic nervous system: involuntary system	Peripheral nervous system (2)
Sympathetic nervous system: (fight or flight): the first neuron has a short axon and the second one has a long one main neurotransmitters that are involved: acetylcholine and norepinephrine thorocolumbar region of the spine Parasympathetic nervous system (rest or digest): it has nerves in the cranial and the sacreal region its long and then short the main neurotransmitter: ACH (acetylcholine)	Autonomic nervous system
controlled in the spinal cord can be monosynaptic and polynynsaptic ex: the patellar tendon reflex (monosynaptic)	Reflexes
left: language, math and logic right: spatial art	left hemisphere and right hemisphere of brain
in charge of executive function tells the other lobes to do other things involved in judgement and planning	Frontal Lobe
this is for hearing and olfaction	Temporal lobe
the somatosensation (temperature and pain) and the gustation (taste) and knowing where your body parts are	Partial lobe
they are for seeing	Occiptal lobe
they allow you to do movements (primary motor) premotor cortex: they allow you to prepare to make a movement	Primary motor cortex and pre-motor cortex
Brocas Area: speech production Wernickes Area: understanding speech	Brocas Area and Wernickes area
Medulla olongata: regulates your breathing,your heart rate and vomiting pons: this is for posture and anti-gravity cerebellum: balance	The hind brain
this includes the medulla, the pons and the cerebellum	The brain stem
The RAS: resticular activating system this is responsible for increasing arousal, sleep waking cycles	The mid-brain
1. Thalamus (Sensory integration) 2. hypothalamus (hormone, autonomic,emotion) 3. amygdala (viceral emotions) 4. Cingulate gyrus 5. Hippocampus (memories)	The fore-brain
Controls voluntary movements	The Basal ganglia
Whenever you think about a concept or an idea: Neurons in the pathway will make and the synapse is constantly stimulated : 1. More neurotransmitters 2. stronger link between the neutrons 3. the synapse strengthens	Long- term potentiation
this is the receiving end of the neuron	dendrite
Action potential adds up: EPSP (excitatory potential) and IPSP (inhibitory potential), this adds up to see if they can make an action potential (beyond threshold)	Axon hillock
1. They act as an insulator and they increase the speed of electrical conductivity (do not allow the sodium ions to leave the neurons)	myelin
this is where the action potentials take place because there are ions that can be exchanged between the neuron	Nodes of ranvier
they provide support for neurons and they do not produce action potentials . Microglial cells: they clean up the debris	glial cells and microglial cells
1. the CNS: this is the oligodendrocytes 2. The PNS: the swann cells	The CNS and the PNS
found in the CNS, they control blood flow and they make up the blood brain barrier	Astrocytes
Action potential: they are electrical and the synapse: they are chemical	action potential vs synapse
they carry the vesicles on the axon and they involve the two motor proteins (dynenin and kinesin).	Motor proteins
1. it is all or none: as you hit threshold, you will fire and when you do not hit threshold you will not fire and graded potential (small potential and are passively conducted (no channels opening or closing)).	the action potential and the graded potential
adding up the action potentials across different spaces (come at the same time) and the action potentials add up at the same location (at different times).	spatial summation vs temporal summation
this is the potential; when the cell is not doing anything usually -70 mv	Resting Membrane Potential
1. Sodium Potassium Pump: Sodium goes out usually and K+ goes in Pump sodium out (3) and potassium is brought in (2) 2. The potassium leak channel	How is the resting membrane potential maintained
1. -55 V= threshold for action potential, sodium channels open and have sodium influx (depolarization) 2. +35 sodium channels close and potassium channels open (K+ efflux) (repolarization) 3. equilibrium potential (for K+) (hyperpolerized) The equilibrium potential: This is when the K+ stops going back and forth across the membrane even if the channels are open	What happens during the action potential
1. the refractory period: after you fire you may not fire right away because the channels may reset. 2. the absolute refractory period: when you cannot fire at all 3. the relative refractory period: this is when you can fire but usually do not	the refractory period vs the absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period
voltage-gated channels	ion channels involved in the action potential, ex: calcium: they are voltage-gated and they release calcium, they trigger the release of vesicles that contain the neurotransmitters