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level: LEVEL 3

Questions and Answers List

level questions: LEVEL 3

Question	Answer
bind adjacent cells together Ex. Intestines	TIGHT JUNCTIONS
mechanical links that bind cells	Desmosomes
bind cells to basement membrane	Hemidesmosomes
small channels that allow molecules to pass between cells allow cells to communicate most common	Gap junctions
structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood	GLANDS
glands with ducts Ex. Sweat or oil glands	Exocrine glands
no ducts (directly into bloodstream) Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.	Endocrine glands
What are the types of exocrine glands according to branching? describe.	Simple: no branches Compound: many branches
What are the types of exocrine glands according to shapes? Describe.	Tubular: end of duct is like a tubule; can be straight, branched or coiled Alveolar: sac-like structure with large lumen Acinar: rounded end piece with small lumen Tubulo-alveolar: combination of tubular and alveolar
What are the types of exocrine glands according to nature of secretion?	Mucous Serous Mixed/sero-mucous
secrete more viscous saliva that contains mucin (e.g. secretory cells of the salivary glands, esophageal glands, stomach surface, pyloric glands, and Brunner's glands of the duodenum)	Mucous
contains both serous and mucous cells (e.g. most salivary glands)	Mixed/sero-mucous
secrete mainly a watery fluid (e.g. serous cells of the salivary glands, exocrine cells of the pancreas, gastric chief cells, and Paneth cells of intestinal crypts)	Serous
What are the types of exocrine glands according to manner of secretion?	Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine Cytocrine
Also known as Eccrine or Epicirine Secretion discharged through intact cell membrane via exocytosis No loss of cytoplasm E.g. protein content of mammary gland, parotid secretions, pancreas secretions, and typical sweat glands	Merocrine
Apical portion of the (luminal) of cell disintegrate to discharge secretions Nucleus and basal portion remain intact from which cell can regenerate Partial loss of cytoplasm E.g. lipid content of mammary gland, atypical sweat gland (axilla & groin); ceruminous gland of the ear and Moll’s gland of the eyelid (modified sweat glands)	Apocrine
Entire cell disintegrate to discharge secretion Result in death of cell Complete loss of cytoplasm E.g. sebaceous glands and Tarsal glands in Eyelid	Holocrine
Cells are released as secretion E.g. spermatozoa from testis, ovum from ovary, bone marrow	Cytocrine
What are the 2 types of endocrine glands?	cord & clump type follicular type
Act locally ❖ Secretions do not travel through blood ❖ Secrete its product (hormones) in to local extracellular environment ❖ Exert effects only on neighbouring cells in vicinity of secreting cells ❖ E.g. enteroendocrine cells of GIT, diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)	PARACRINE GLANDS
Cells far apart Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix Classified based on type of extracellular matrix and function Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve	Connective Tissue
Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in varying amounts): What are those?	protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
Contains proteins and sugars in connective tissue	Ground substance
What are the types of Protein Fibers?	Collagen,Reticular,Elastic Fibers
look like ropes and are flexible but resist stretching	Collagen fibers
supporting network that fills spaces between organs and tissues	Reticular Fibers
recoil after being stretched	Elastic Fibers
It is a Type of connective tissue ❖ Composed of chondrocytes ❖ Contains collagen ❖ Withstands compressions ❖ Provides support, flexibility, strength	Cartilages
Location: covers ends of bones Structure: some collagen fibers Function: reduces friction (cushion)	Hyaline Cartilage
Location: between vertebra Structure: lots of collagen fibers Function: can withstand compression	Fibrocartilage
Location: ear and tip of nose Structure: elastic fibers Function: can recoil	Elastic Cartilage
It consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network,with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.	Loose connective tissue
It has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers.	Dense elastic connective tissue
What are the 3 subdivision of a loose connective tissue?	areolar,adipose,reticular tissue
a connective tissue primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers.	AREOLAR
This is the most common cells in loose connective tissue.	Fibroblasts
This is a tissue consists of adipocytes,or fat cells,which contain large amount of lipid energy storage.	Adipose
It forms the framework of lymphatic tissue,such as in the spleen and lymph nodes,as well as in bone marrow and the liver.	Reticular tissue
Structure:A fine networks of fibers (mostly collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers) Function: Loose packing,support,and nourishment for the structured with which it is associated. Location: Widely distributed throughout the body	Areolar Connective Tissue
Structure: Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged. Function: Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues. Location: within Lymph nodes,spleen,bone marrow	Reticular Tissue
Structure: Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells. full of lipids Function: Packing material,Thermal insulator,energy storage,protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred. Location:mammary glands	Adipose tissue
Structure:Matrix composed. of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same directions in tendons and ligaments. Function:Withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation due to great tensile strength and stretch resistance. Location:Tendons(attach muscle to the bone) ligaments also found in dermis of the skin.	Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Structure: Matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers runnning in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments. Function: Capab;e of stretching and recoiling like a rubbber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation. Location: Elastic ligaments. between vertebrae a nd along the dorsal aspect of the neck(nucha)also in vocal chords,and blood vessel walls	Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
It is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix.	Bone
What are the 2 types of bones?	Spongy Bone Compact bone
What is the disks that is located between your vertebra?	intervertebral disks