GCSE Chemistry 1
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Dalton's model proposed that atoms were tiny, indivisible spheres without any internal structure. | John Dalton's Model of the Atom |
| What did John Dalton propose about the structure of atoms? | John Dalton proposed that atoms were tiny, indivisible spheres without any internal structure. |
| Less than a decade after Dalton's model, the discovery of subatomic particles, such as electrons, revealed that atoms could be divided into smaller components. | Discovery of Subatomic Particles |
| What changed the understanding of atomic structure shortly after Dalton's model was proposed? | The discovery of subatomic particles, like electrons, changed the understanding of atomic structure shortly after Dalton's model was proposed. |
| What are electrons and when were they discovered? | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge, discovered shortly after Dalton's model of the atom. |
| Experiments conducted in the early 20th century that involved firing alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil, revealing the structure of the atom's nucleus. | Alpha Particle Scattering Experiments |
| What were alpha particle scattering experiments designed to investigate? | Alpha particle scattering experiments were designed to investigate the structure of the atom's nucleus. |
| The alpha particle scattering experiments showed that atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. | Structure of the Atom |
| What did alpha particle scattering experiments reveal about the structure of the atom? | Alpha particle scattering experiments revealed that atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. |
| What are protons and how were they discovered? | Protons are subatomic particles with a positive electric charge, discovered as a result of experiments investigating the structure of the atom. |
| What are neutrons and when were they discovered? | Neutrons are subatomic particles with no electric charge, discovered along with protons as constituents of the atom's nucleus. |
| The discovery of subatomic particles led to the evolution of atomic models from Dalton's simple sphere model to the modern understanding of atomic structure. | Evolution of Atomic Model |
| How did the discovery of subatomic particles influence the development of atomic models? | The discovery of subatomic particles led to the evolution of atomic models from Dalton's simple sphere model to the modern understanding of atomic structure. |
| The arrangement of subatomic particles within an atom. | Atomic Structure |
| What is the structure of an atom? | An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in shells. |
| What is the nucleus of an atom composed of? | The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons. |
| Where are protons located in an atom? | Protons are located in the nucleus of an atom. |
| What is the role of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom? | Neutrons help stabilize the nucleus and contribute to its mass. |
| Where are electrons located in an atom? | Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific energy levels called shells. |
| What are electron shells? | Electron shells are specific energy levels around the nucleus where electrons orbit. |
| What occupies most of the volume within an atom? | Most of the volume within an atom is empty space, with the nucleus and electrons occupying a small portion. |
| What is the relative charge of a proton? | The relative charge of a proton is +1. |
| What is the relative charge of a neutron? | The relative charge of a neutron is 0. |
| What is the relative charge of an electron? | The relative charge of an electron is -1. |
| How does the number of protons compare to the number of electrons in a neutral atom? | In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. |
| What is the overall charge of an atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons? | An atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons has no overall charge, making it electrically neutral. |
| What is the relative mass of a proton? | The relative mass of a proton is approximately 1. |
| What is the relative mass of a neutron? | The relative mass of a neutron is approximately 1. |
| What is the relative mass of an electron compared to a proton or neutron? | The relative mass of an electron is much smaller than that of a proton or neutron and is considered negligible. |
| What part of the atom contains protons and neutrons, contributing to almost all of its mass? | Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom. |
| How is the relative mass of an atom determined based on its constituent particles? | The relative mass of an atom is determined by adding the relative masses of its protons and neutrons, as the relative mass of electrons is negligible compared to protons and neutrons. |
| What is the approximate radius of an atom? | The radius of an atom is approximately 0.1 nanometers (1 × 10^-10 meters). |
| How does the size of the nucleus compare to the overall size of the atom? | The nucleus of an atom is significantly smaller than the overall size of the atom, with a radius of about 1 × 10^-5 nanometers (1 × 10^-14 meters), which is over 10,000 times smaller than the radius of the whole atom. |
| Where is almost all of the mass of an atom concentrated? | Almost all of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. |
| What is the significance of the nucleus in terms of an atom's mass? | Although the nucleus of an atom is very small compared to the overall size of the atom, it contains almost all of the atom's mass. |
| What is an atom's mass number? | An atom's mass number is the sum of its protons and neutrons. |
| What is an atom's atomic number? | An atom's atomic number is the number of protons it has. |
| How are atoms represented in terms of their mass number and atomic number? | Atoms are represented by their mass number (total protons and neutrons) and atomic number (number of protons). |
| Do atoms of the same element have the same or different atomic numbers? | Atoms of the same element always have the same atomic number (number of protons). |
| How do the atomic numbers of atoms of different elements compare? | Atoms of different elements always have different atomic numbers. |
| What is the relationship between the mass number and the number of protons and neutrons in an atom? | The mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of its protons and neutrons. |
| How is the number of protons determined in an atom? | The atomic number of an atom indicates the number of protons in its nucleus. |
| How many protons does an atom of lithium have? | An atom of lithium has 3 protons. |
| How can you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom? | The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated by subtracting the atomic number (number of protons) from the mass number. |
| How many electrons does a neutral atom of lithium have? | A neutral atom of lithium has 3 electrons, which equals the number of protons. |
| An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a net charge of zero. | Neutral Atom |
| What determines the number of electrons in a neutral atom? | In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons, maintaining electrical neutrality. |
| Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| What distinguishes isotopes of the same element from each other? | Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of neutrons. |
| Can isotopes of the same element have different numbers of protons? | No, isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons. |
| What is the defining characteristic of isotopes? | Isotopes differ in the number of neutrons while having the same number of protons. |
| How many protons and neutrons does carbon-12 have? | Carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. |
| How does the number of neutrons in carbon-13 differ from carbon-12? | Carbon-13 has one more neutron than carbon-12. |
| How do isotopes of the same element differ in terms of their mass numbers? | Isotopes of the same element have different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons. |
| The average atomic mass of an element, taking into account the abundance of its isotopes. | Relative Atomic Mass |
| What does the relative atomic mass of an element consider? | The relative atomic mass considers the abundance of an element's isotopes. |
| What information does the mass number shown in the periodic table provide? | The mass number provides the relative atomic mass of an element. |
| Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| How does the abundance of isotopes affect the relative atomic mass of an element? | The relative atomic mass is influenced by the abundance of isotopes, with more abundant isotopes contributing more to the average. |
| Why does carbon-12 contribute significantly to the relative atomic mass of carbon? | Carbon-12 is highly abundant, constituting over 98% of all carbon, which influences carbon's relative atomic mass. |