Name: Forest Biology of Tropical Plants Laboratory
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One of the world's largest biomes occupying majority of South America, Africa and South East Asian regions.

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Tropical Rainforest

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Forest Biology of Tropical Plants Laboratory - Marcador

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Forest Biology of Tropical Plants Laboratory - Detalles

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One of the world's largest biomes occupying majority of South America, Africa and South East Asian regions.

Tropical Rainforest

The TRF directly receives heat from the sun giving rise to numerous plant forms because ?

It lies in the Equator

What are the factor influencing the formations of various plant form?

Competition for water, space, light and nutrient

It is the basis for differentiating the morphological traits among species

Plant Growth Forms

This helps us in understanding the forces shaping an ecological community as well as its history

Growth Forms

Woody perennial plants that produce a single trunk few meters from the ground, form several branches and exhibit indeterminate growth resulting to a considerable height

Tree

Smaller woody plants, usually less than three meters in height with multiple small branches from the ground or close to the grounds; also they are perennial like trees

Shrubs

It is characterized by having a long, flexible, climbing stems that are rooted in the ground, and usually have long dangling branches. It forms woody stem which is similar to trees and shrubs,

Lianas

It is nonwoody or herbaceous plants with thin and weak stem hence the need to attach in any surface

Vines

Air plants like orchids that can grow anywhere but they found it most suitable in large branches or stem of the trees and even the leaves of larges trees in tropical forest

Epiphytes

It usually starts as epiphytes as their seeds are carried by the branches of a large tree. In order to survive, It will depend on its host tree and eventually killing it

Stranglers

It differs greatly from broadleaf (dicot) and coniferous (gymnosperms) tress in their overall form and external structure as well as in their internal structure. It is monocotyledons and its leaves can be palmate leaves or pinnate leaves

Palms

It lacks aboveground woody tissue hence they do not grow very tall these include grasses and most common wild and garden plants as well as the monocots

Herbs

This plant form belongs to the family of grasses, Graminae, or Poaceae. Similar to palms, they do not exhibit secondary thickening although it appears that they are woody due to the formation of large amounts of sclerenchyma cells in its culm.

Bamboo

It is mostly associated with monocotyledons like palm and grasses like bamboo and composed of large numbers of roots nearly of equal size. They are effective for soil erosion control as it has the capacity to hold the surface soil in place.

Fibrous roots

Presence of a primary root that remains the largest and from which several smaller secondary roots are formed; effective in water and nutrient absorption in deeper layers of the soil, common among large trees and shrubs.

Taproot System

It is a modification of the taproot system present in 0most large but shallow- rooted trees in a rainforest. It usually emerges from the base of the trunk and eventually surrounds the main stem growing up to 15-20 meters in height; aid in water uptake and storage, increase surface area for gas exchange, and collect leaf litter for additional nutrition.

Buttress

It's another modification of tap root present among stranglers that initiates their growth as epiphyte and eventually gives off roots that grow into the soil & support the branches; can replace the function of the main stem of the host plant.

Prop Roots

It is associated with the fibrous root types most notably palm species although dicot mangrove species also produces this type of roots; provide additional stability to the thinner main trunks that may easily be uprooted during a strong wind event; act like rope in a tent as it grows at an angle to the stem for a firmer support.

Stilt Roots

Common among non-woody plants and are characterized by a very flexible or bendable stems; their leaves and stems die at the end of every growing season.

Herbaceous

Associated with dicots and exhibit secondary growth thus harder and sturdier. As part of their adaptation to the conditions of the rainforest, some woody species develop thin (and sometimes flaky) bark which can be attributed to the formation of a thin cork layer.

Woody

GIve the 3 common bark surface adaptation

-Presence of Thorns, Smooth Bark, Thick Cork tissue

It aids in efficient photosynthetic activities due to its ability to catch more light and water during the rain event.

Palmate Leaves

Pinnate Leaves

It gives protection to young and tender tissues from direct exposure to solar radiation at the same time helps to attract pollinators of its small

Dark Colored Leaves

A leaf modification that characterized by the presence of a waxy surface that insulates the leaf tissues, prevents too much water loss, and protect the leaves from being eaten by insects (herbivory).

Thick cuticle layer

The presence of short hairs in the leaves and stem is considered beneficial as it protects the plants from herbivory and dehydration.

Presence of Trichomes

It is considered as one of the most prominent modifications of the leaf margin, they are expected to provide protection against herbivory.

Presence of spines

It is considered as an adaptation as individual leaves are arranged at different angles so that a plant avoids shading its own leaves a feature very crucial to prevent competition for light.

Leaf angling

Some epiphytes naturally do this modification to prevent the leaves from being ripped by strong winds coming from the upper canopy and at the same time allow more sunlight to reach the leaves below or those on the forest floor.

Leaf Holes

Primary growth occurs as a result of the activity of ___

Apical Meristem

Consists of the region of cell division (apical meristem), region of elongation and region of maturation.

Root tip

Contains the growth regions in the shoot that lead to the formation of aerial parts including leaves and reproductive structures.

Shoot apex

Combined effect of two lateral meristems known as vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Secondary growth

This type of growth is only exhibited by gymnosperm and dicot species that result in the formation of successive layers of secondary xylem (wood).

Secondary growth

As a stem thickens due to secondary growth, the epidermis, including the stomata is eventually replaced by

Lenticels

Areas of the cork in which the cork cells are loosely arranged, permitting gas exchange through the periderm.

Lenticels

Cells are more densely packed and arranged in orderly rows parallel to the long axis of the root.

Region of cell division/apical meristem

Just behind the apical meristem; cells have enlarged chiefly in length elongation and maturation; no new cells are formed

Region of elongation

Contains enlarged cells that have now developed certain structural features.

Region of maturation/differentiation

A zone of somewhat loosely arranged corky cells that protects the delicate region of cell division.

Root cap

Central dome-shaped structure found at the topmost portion of the structure.

Apical Meristem

Outgrowth located at both sides of the apical meristem which gives rise to a new leaf

Leaf Primordia

Outermost layer of the apical meristem

Protoderm

Appears as two narrow, darker traces of longitudinally elongate cells that develops into the xylem and phloem

Procambium

Produce both cortex and pith

Ground Meristem

Outermost layer which provides protection from the outside environment;

Epidermis

A waxy substance to prevent water loss

Cuticle

Composed of many small sclerenchyma cells; constitutes the bulk of the tissue in non-woody (herbaceous) plants.

Cortex

Innermost of cortex layer and tissues that contain both xylem and phloem (conducting tissues); it is arranged in circular manner;

Vascular Bundle

Protective sheath

Vascular Bundle Sheath

Ground tissue located at the innermost layer of a monocot/nonwoody roots

Pith

Dicot shares the same anatomical structures with that of monocot except for the presence of ______

Stele

An important structure that is responsible not only for the production of new secondary roots but also gives rise to lateral meristem—vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Pericyle

Band of waterproof material to ensure that water and minerals enter the xylem only by passing through the endodermal cells.

Casparian Strip

3 Types of Primary Tissue

Dermal, Vascular and Fundamental Tissue

The dermal tissue gives rise to ________

Epidermis

UnVascular tissue gives rise to _________

Xylem and Phloem

Fundamental tissue is represented by

Pith and cortex

TAKE NOTE: One of the major differences between monocot and dicot stem is the arrangement of the vascular tissues as monocot is usually scattered within the ground tissue while dicot is formed in a ringlike manner. (Please click "bonus" as your answer)

BONUS

A protective sheath made of sclerenchyma cells

Vascular bundle sheath

TAKE NOTE: Dicot stem shared the same basic tissues with the monocot except that the vascular tissue is arranged in a ringlike structure and there exists no vascular bundle sheath. (Please click the Bonus as answer)

BONUS

Horizontal stems that grow below ground, often near the surface of the soil; look like a root but with scale-like leaves and axillary buds at each node; may be thick, fleshy, food-storage organ.

Rhizome

Horizontal stems that grows aboveground; have long internodes.

Runners/Stolon

Several internodes at the tip of the stolen become _______ as they swell from the accumulation of food.

Tubers

Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end.

Bulb

Resembles bulbs but differ from being composed mostly of stem tissues, except for scalelike leaves sparsely covering the outside

Corm

Usually flattened stem specialized for photosynthesis; with nodes that bear leaves that has been reduced to spines.

Cladophyll

A stem modified into a short (usually), sharp point; also for protection against predators

Thorn

A stem modification that allows the whole plant to attach in a more stable structure; usually associated with herbaceous type

Tendril

Root growth starts with seed germination particularly upon the emergence of the embryonic root known as

Radicle

Most significant functions performed by the roots

Anchorage, storage, absorption and transport of materials to and from the shoot system.

Metamorphosed roots also perform unique functions

Plant's survival including food storage, propagation, aeration, movement, structural support, nutrition and support.

Roots can be distinguished from the stem by the following features:

(1) absence of nodes (2) uncutinized (3) presence of protective covering in the tip (4) arrangement of primary tissues during early ontogeny.

Formation of a large taproot and emergence of smaller branch or lateral roots

Tap Roots System

Fibrous root system

Organs that occur in unusual locations, such as roots that develop on a stem or buds that develop on roots.

Adventitious organs

Special type of fibrous root characterized by the presence of an additional layer of cover similar to a wire.

Wiry root

Roots directly emanating from the embryonic root (radicle)

Primary Root

Roots that arise from the primary root, and so on.

Secondary and tertiary roots

Roots arising not from the radicle, but from any other plant parts

Adventitious roots.

Roots maybe classified into two system

Tap root system and diffuse/ fibrous root system.

Considered as an extension of the roots and appear as very simple structures that functions like underground sponge that absorb considerable amount of water by forming an intimate association with soil particles.

Root Hairs

Tallest member of the grass family but may even be taller than other woody plants. Also, considered one of the most important non-timber species in the forest throughout the world.

Bamboo

Underground culm of bamboo called

Rhizome

Culm is a jointed stem with each segment ending with solid joint called

Node

Bamboo's rhizome produces this kind of root that grows further down into the soil. It is during the late dry season towards the early part of the wet season that most rhizomes are produced by most bamboo species.

Feeder roots

Bamboo rhizome grows in two unique characteristics, what are those?

Clumping and Running

Main indicator for taxonomic identification of bamboo species.

Underground rhizome

Clumping type bamboos produce __________ characterized by the formation of new culm in upward direction.

Pachymorph rhizomes

New rhizome emerges from buds on an existing rhizome as long as the bamboo is alive and due to the accumulation of new rhizomes, the grove expands slowly around the perimeter, thereby forming clumps.

Sympodial type.

(the stalk by which a leaf is attached to a stem)

Petioles

Clumpers that have relatively longer petioles,which form false rhizomes. These can easily extend into distances of 50 - 100 cm hence, new culms grow in a scattered pattern.

Sympodial-scattered bamboos,

The roots of this type that run horizontally under the ground.

Leptomorph

New roots and buds emerge from the nodes of rhizome and they are considered as_____

Monopodial Type

Emerging from a region of the trunk. This area starts in the center at the base of the stem in palm seedlings.

Root initiation zone

Is intended for storage of (starch) and may come is several forms and shapes including conical, fusiform, and napiform.

Fleshy tap roots

Grow in swamps and other wet places may they produce spongy outgrowths

Pneumatophores

The swollen roots do not assume a definite shape. They occur singly

Tuberous Root

The swollen roots or root tubers occur in clusters (e.g. Dahlia) and they lie at the base of the stem while in Asparagus the fasciculated fleshy roots occur at intervals on the normal roots

Fasciculated Fleshy Roots-