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level: Module 3: Root system of woody and nonwoody plants

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Module 3: Root system of woody and nonwoody plants

Question	Answer
formation of a large taproot and emergence of smaller branch or lateral roots	Tap Roots System
consist of similarly- sized roots that have the ability to absorb huge amount of water and nutrients	fibrous root system
Organs that occur in unusual locations, such as roots that develop on a stem or buds that develop on roots.	Adventitious organs
special type of fibrous root characterized by the presence of an additional layer of cover similar to a wire.	Wiry root
Roots directly emanating from the embryonic root (radicle)	Primary Root
Roots that arise from the primary root, and so on.	Secondary and tertiary roots
Roots arising not from the radicle, but from any other plant parts	adventitious roots.
roots maybe classified into two system	tap root system and diffuse/ fibrous root system.
considered as an extension of the roots and appear as very simple structures that functions like underground sponge that absorb considerable amount of water by forming an intimate association with soil particles.	Root Hairs
tallest member of the grass family but may even be taller than other woody plants. Also, considered one of the most important non-timber species in the forest throughout the world.	Bamboo
underground culm of bamboo called	Rhizome
culm is a jointed stem with each segment ending with solid joint called	node
Bamboo's rhizome produces this kind of root that grows further down into the soil. It is during the late dry season towards the early part of the wet season that most rhizomes are produced by most bamboo species.	feeder roots
Bamboo rhizome grows in two unique characteristics, what are those?	Clumping and Running
main indicator for taxonomic identification of bamboo species.	underground rhizome
Clumping type bamboos produce __________ characterized by the formation of new culm in upward direction.	pachymorph rhizomes
New rhizome emerges from buds on an existing rhizome as long as the bamboo is alive and due to the accumulation of new rhizomes, the grove expands slowly around the perimeter, thereby forming clumps.	sympodial type.
(the stalk by which a leaf is attached to a stem)	petioles
clumpers that have relatively longer petioles,which form false rhizomes. These can easily extend into distances of 50 - 100 cm hence, new culms grow in a scattered pattern.	Sympodial-scattered bamboos,
The roots of this type that run horizontally under the ground.	leptomorph
New roots and buds emerge from the nodes of rhizome and they are considered as_____	Monopodial Type
emerging from a region of the trunk. This area starts in the center at the base of the stem in palm seedlings.	root initiation zone
is intended for storage of (starch) and may come is several forms and shapes including conical, fusiform, and napiform.	Fleshy tap roots
grow in swamps and other wet places may they produce spongy outgrowths	pneumatophores
the swollen roots do not assume a definite shape. They occur singly	Tuberous Root
the swollen roots or root tubers occur in clusters (e.g. Dahlia) and they lie at the base of the stem while in Asparagus the fasciculated fleshy roots occur at intervals on the normal roots	Fasciculated Fleshy Roots-
the roots are swollen at regular intervals like beads of a necklace,	Moniliform or Beaded-
the swellings occur only near the tips,	Nodulose-
thickened roots possess a series of ring-like outgrowths or swellings,	Annulated-
thick pillar-like adventitious roots which grow from and support heavy horizontal branches	Prop Roots
short but thick supporting roots which develop obliquely from the basal nodes of the stem.	Stilt Roots
non-absorptive adventitious roots which are found in climbers.	Clinging or climbing roots
common root modification among forest trees which appears like a brace formed in the stem spread all the way down to the ground.	Buttress
Buttress formation, though varies among species with at least three main types, namely:	(1) very tall and extensive, (2) very tall but limited spread and (3) short and widespreading.
roots performing vital functions	modification may range from assimilatory (photosynthetic), aerial (epiphytic), floating, reproductive, contractive (pull) roots, and haustoria (root-thorns).
are green roots which are capable of photosynthesis. This modification usually arises from the stem nodes and is highly branched to increase photosynthetic area. Photosynthetic roots are common among orchids and other aerial plants. They are like green hanging threads which arise from the stem nodes during the rainy seasons and shrivel during drought.	Assimilatory roots
type of aerial root that enable a plant to grow on another plant in a non-parasitic manner.	Epiphytic roots
three types of roots (epiphytes)	clinging, absorbing and hygroscopic
adventitious roots that arise from each node.	Floating roots
are found to contract or swell so that the aerial shoot or the underground parts arc kept at a proper level in the soil. Root contracts by spiraling to pull the plant a little deeper into the soil each year until they reach an area of relatively stable temperatures.	Contractile or pull roots
occur in parasites for absorbing nourishment from the host, hence, they are also called sucking roots or suckers. The parasite sends this kind of roots into its host plant and directly penetrates the soft tissues by forming a connection with both xylem (water channel) and phloem (food channel) of the host thereby absorbing both water and food.	Haustoria or parasitic roots
is mutually beneficial relationship between some species of tropical rainforest trees and fungi.	Mycorrhiza
extend the ability of the root system to reach further areas for more water and nutrient absorption. The relationship can either be ectomycorrhizae or endomycorrhizae, depending on the location where they are formed.	Fungi
The main diagnostic features of this type of mycorrhiza	formation within the root of a hyphal network known as the Hartig net around cortical cells and a thick layer of hyphal mat on the root surface known as sheath or mantle, which covers feeder roots.
symbiotic relationship between roots of leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.	Rhizobium
leguminous forest species are some of the examples of forest trees with this type of root modification	Nodulated roots