What is the penalty if a person commits an offence under section 1-9 in the Psychoactive substances act- includes possession, importing or exporting the substance

- Carry if the circumstances for carrying is an exempted activity

Under the psychoactive substances act what are the exceptions to offences

-Stop and search - Enter premises - Production of documents - Seizure

Between 12-47 sections in the Psychoactive substances act, name some things which might be found

- Substance has a significant effect on mental processes, or depresses the central nervous system - So broad to include any substance that alters mental state- include heroin to scented candles - Problems for prosecutions

What is the simplistic focus on psychoactivity

2 substances may have homologous structures- 1 has a psychoactive function and the other may not

What is a pharmacological issue for psychoactive substances

1. Theresa May- not want long debates about which substances are harmful 2. Some substances with psychoactive effects doesn't not make it harmful

Why does the Psychoactive substance act not follow the convention of harm

- Wide range of unspecified substances - No list of exempted substances - Does not criminalise possession of a psychoactive substance Created a displacement effect

What are legal issues in the psychoactive substance act 2016

People with problematic substance misusing conditions often 'fall off the wagon'

What is chronic relapsing condition

Self-referral- often no formal penalties Aim= controlling use and to help reduce offending Can be done in residential, community or custodial setting

Treatment for drugs

Coercive treatment- referral by CJS Residential, community, custodial Aim= reducing drug use Court orders and other processes where 'offenders' might receive treatment Penalty laden- sanctions and censure for non-completion

Intervention for drugs

Understanding their lives have become unmanageable Deciding to turn their lives around Admit wrongdoings- try to make amends Prayer and meditation

What is the 12 step paradigm

Don't know how effective it is Chronic relapsing condition- if someone relapses after 4 years does it mean its successful Clinical claims success 5-10% Higher power- poses problems for self-determination Substance misuse relate to childhood abuse- poses therapeutic problems

What are the problems with the 12 step paradigm

-CBT- changed negative thoughts and behaviours -Functional analysis -Recognise situations involving other people- could lead to relapse -Cope more effectively with their reactions -Skills training -Avoid negative feelings- address situations more positive

What are systems of change

1. Reluctant- do not want to consider change- not fully conscious of thier behaviour, careful listening can be helpful 2. Rebellious- knowledge about the problem, don't like to be told what to do, could be result of insecurity, appear hostile 3. Resigned- overwhelmed by the problem, feel out of control- see the habit as controlling them 4. Rationalizing- appears to have all the answers, not consider change as feel like behaviour is result of others, identify rationalizing client in a session Problems= offender is still offending, using drugs, misusing alcohol

Change cycle Pre-contemplation (start)- what are the resistance 4 R's

Residential- intensive 8-12 week programme, undertake varying treatment programme Community- undertake and attend at probation services- CBT based Custodial- prison, successful completion a determinate of sentence

What are interventions within the residential, community and custodial settings