Chapter 24 Lifespan Development
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Chapter 24 Lifespan Development - Marcador
Chapter 24 Lifespan Development - Detalles
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| What helps people stay health & live longer? | Improved sanitation, medications, immunizations, exercise, & nutrition |
| Factors identified as predictors of longevity? | Include health, happiness, avoidance of tobacco products & job satisfaction |
| Life expectancy | The number of years an individual probably will live, based on the average for others with similar characteristics |
| What is the average life expectancy for US 2015? | 79.3 years with women's life expectancy being longer than men |
| Life expectancy in US differ with? | Population groups; more income longer life expectancy |
| Infant mortality rate | Refers to the number of deaths before 1; double in African American infants than white |
| What are the 4 overarching goals for population? | To attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups to create social & physical environments that promote good health for all to promote quality of life, healthy development & health behaviors across all life stages |
| Development | A lifelong process that begins at conception, the beginning of pregnancy, & ends with death |
| What is development influenced by? | A series of interacting events, including personal behaviors, genetics, & the environment |
| Infancy | Birth to 1 year; learn to either trust or not trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs |
| Toddler | 1 to 3 years; children learn to be either self-sufficient in many activities (including toileting, feeding, walking, & talking) or doubt their own abilities |
| Preschool | 3 to 5 years; children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parents & feeling guilty because of it |
| School age | 6 to 12 years; children eagerly learn to be competent & productive or feel inferior & unable to do any task well |
| Adolescence | 13 to 19 years; adolescents try to figure out their personal identity. They establish sexual, ethnic, & career identities or are confused about what future roles to play |
| Early adulthood | 20 to 40 years; young adults seek companionship & love with another person or become isolated from others |
| Middle adulthood | 40 to 65 years; Middle-aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work & raising a family, or become stagnant & inactive |
| Late adulthood | 65 years & over; older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful & whole or despairing at goals never reached & questions never answered |
| Living beings undergo continuous changes throughout lifespan such as? | Physical, such as replacement of cells, tissues, & fluids; involve cognition, communication, emotions, behavior, & feelings |
| Growth | Refers to an increase in size & may involve the entire being or parts within |
| Development | Refers to function & the gradual process of change & differentiation, from simple to complex |
| Cephalocaudal & Proximodistal | Two directional terms important to understanding growth & development |
| Cephalocaudal | Is defined as growth & development that proceeds from the head toward the feet; infant's head is large as compared with the rest of its body |
| Proximodistal | Refers to growth & development that originates in the center of the body & moves toward the outside; infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of the hands & fingers |
| What plays an important role in growth patterns? | Nutrition, heredity, & environment |
| Chromosones | Threadlike structure in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information; blueprint for all inherited traits |
| Who has the same combinations of chromosomes (karyotype)? | Only identical twins |
| The process of division, transmission, & mixing of chromosomes accounts for? | The variations in distinctive family traits or their continuity |
| Conception( fertilization) | The union of the sperm & ovum, which combines the genetic material of both parents; produces the unique individual; development begins |
| Zygote | The developing ovum from the time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted in the uterus, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes; happens after fertilization |
| Ovum | Always carries an X chromosome |
| Sperm | Sometimes carries an X & sometimes a Y chromosome |
| If the fertilizing sperm has an X chromosome ? | Baby will be a female |
| Environmental factors | Also play a role in contributing to certain diseases or defects in the unborn |
| Teratogen | Is a substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development , causing then formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus |
| Family | The basic unit of society; also first socializing agent for teaching children society's expectations & limitations |
| Basic functions inherent to the family unit? | Include protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, & socialization |
| Changes that have affected modern families | Economic changes, increase in the number of women in the workforce Feminist movement More effective birth control Legalization of abortion Postponement of marriage & childbearing Increase in divorce rate |
| Nuclear family | Normal family composition; is a unit that consists of parents & their biologic offspring; gender-based roles assigned to its members but has been less prevalent in US for many decades |
| In the modern-day nuclear family | Father was the primary source of income |
| Extended family | Consists of the nuclear or traditional family & additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, & uncles who live in the same household |
| What is common in extended family? | A sharing of support, roles, & responsibilities |
| Extended family constitutes | The basic family structure in many societies |
| Single-parent family | Exists today by choice or as the result of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment |
| More than 40% of single-parent families are | The result of divorce |
| Blended (reconstituted) family | Also called step family; is formed when adults remarry & bring together children from previous marriages; potentially presents many type of stresses |
| Social contract family(cohabitation) | Involves an unmarried couple living together & sharing roles & responsibilities |
| Homosexual family | Comprises a same-sex couple; consists of biologic, adopted, or foster children |
| Transgender family | May consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming |
| Adoptive family | Is a family unit with adopted children; achieve the same fulfillment associated with parenting as those families created by natural procreation |
| Grandfamilies | Refer to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents; represents a growing demographic |
| What is the most common reason grandfamilies are becoming more prevalent? | Parental substance abuse |
| Foster family | Results when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children; placement traditionally involve abuse or neglect |
| Family patterns | Refer to the way in which family members relate to one another; example: autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, & democratic patterns |
| Autocratic family pattern | The relationships are unequal; parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules & expectations; least open to outside influence |
| Patriarchal family pattern | The adult male (or males in the family) usually assumes the dominant role |
| The adult male family member | Functions in the work role, is responsible for control of finances, & makes most decisions |
| Matriarchal family pattern | Also known as the matrifocal family; the adult female (or females of the family) assumes primary dominance in areas of child care & homemaking & in financial decision making |
| Democratic family pattern | The adult members function as equal; children are treated with respect & recognized as individuals |
| What does democratic family patterns encourage? | Joint decision making, & it recognizes & supports the uniqueness of each individual member |
| What does democratic family pattern favor? | Negotiation, compromise, & growth |
| Engagement or commitment stage | Begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves & others that they are considering marriage |
| Establishment stage | Extends from the wedding up until birth of the first child |
| What is one important tasks during the establishment stage? | The adjustment from the single, independent state to the married, interdependent state |
| What are challenges newly married couples face? | Learning to live with another person & together managing two-person decision making, conflict resolution, & communication |
| Marriage | To the average young adult is an important serious change that requires major adjustments |
| Expectant stage | Begins with conception & continues through the pregnancy |
| Most important decision of a person's life | Starting a family |
| Pregnancy requires | Physiologic & psychological |
| Important decisions considered during pregnancy | Childbirth methods, continuation or modification of employment, child care, & feeding methods |
| What is the desired outcome of pregnancy? | Is that a bond or attachment is established between parents & the new baby |
| Surrogacy | The agreement of a women makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child, & then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple |
| Parenthood stage | Begins at the birth or adoption of the first child |
| Transition to parenthood | Is a major event |
| Common signs of stress in children | Mood swings, acting-out behavior, change in eating or sleeping, frequent stomachaches, headaches, or other unexplained somatic symptoms, excessive clinging to parents, thumb-sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development |
| Compounding the lack of time | Is the stress of parenting& the self-doubt about ability & competency in this new role |
| Disengagement stage | That period of family life when grown children depart from there home; the role of parenting changes during this phase of life cycle |
| Senescence stage | Is the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes |
| The greater life expectancy for women means | Older women commonly outlive their spouses and continue life alone |
| The grand parenting role requires | New adaptations, such as change in one's roles & sense of identity |
| Most common stressors that affect the family unit | Chronic illness, abuse, & divorce |
| Talking about what is causing the child's uneasy feelings | Helps minimize the child's discomfort & helps bring about possible solutions |
| Factors that determine an individual's ability to cope with a family member's chronic illness | Financial resources, family stability, & the adequacy of the support system |
| Alternative family patterns | More common in today's families often experience change & must adjust to new circumstances |
| Changes to the family's composition & economic factors | Have resulted in more women in the labor force |
| Abuse | Refers to physical, emotional, financial, & verbal abuse, sexual assault, & neglect |
| Children younger than 1 year of age | Have the highest rate of victimization, & the abuser is most commonly a parent |
| Early recognition, prompt reporting, & preventive measures | Are called for to help detect & end all forms of abuse & neglect |
| Divorce | Is widespread; it continues to affect more than 1 million children annually |
| Fully appreciating the scope of human growth & development | Involves examining a few aspects of development across a larger spectrum |
| Erik Erikson | Viewed the life cycle as a series of developmental stages, each accompanied by a developmental task or challenge |
| During infancy | The unique ability of the brain to sort out basic sounds & to extract from sentences the most meaningful elements becomes apparent |
| The basic sequence of language; at 3 months | Babbling; sounds they can make by enhancing the force of the air stream as it passes their vocal cords & by varying the positions of their tongue & mouth |
| The basic sequence of language; at 1 year | Recognition of words; the ability to produce holo phrases (one word sentences that convey a complete message "up") |
| Early speech often | Is referred to as telegraphic speech |
| How do infants acquire an understanding of the most meaningful units of speech? | In organizing & coding language |
| Piaget focused on | The concept of cognitive development beginning in infancy & continuing throughout the childhood years |
| Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Development | Sensorimotor, pre-operational thought, concrete operational thought, formal operational thought |
| Sensorimotor; Birth to 2 years | Use senses & motor abilities to understand the world & coordinates sensorimotor skills; this period belongs with reflexes, develops schema, begins to interact with the environment, learns that an object still exist when it is out of sight & begins to remember & imagine experiences, develops thinking & goal-directed behavior |
| Formal Operational Thought; 12+ years | Uses a systematic, scientific problem-solving approach; recognizes past, present, & future; is able to think about abstractions & hypothetical concepts & is able to move in thought "from real to the impossible"; becomes more interested in ethics, politics, & all social & moral issues as ability to take a broader & more theoretic approach to experience increases |