| What helps people stay health & live longer? | improved sanitation, medications, immunizations, exercise, & nutrition |
| Factors identified as predictors of longevity? | include health, happiness, avoidance of tobacco products & job satisfaction |
| life expectancy | the number of years an individual probably will live, based on the average for others with similar characteristics |
| What is the average life expectancy for US 2015? | 79.3 years with women's life expectancy being longer than men |
| Life expectancy in US differ with? | population groups; more income longer life expectancy |
| infant mortality rate | refers to the number of deaths before 1; double in African American infants than white |
| What are the 4 overarching goals for population? | to attain high quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, & premature death
to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, & improve the health of all groups
to create social & physical environments that promote good health for all
to promote quality of life, healthy development & health behaviors across all life stages |
| Development | a lifelong process that begins at conception, the beginning of pregnancy, & ends with death |
| What is development influenced by? | a series of interacting events, including personal behaviors, genetics, & the environment |
| infancy | birth to 1 year; learn to either trust or not trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs |
| toddler | 1 to 3 years; children learn to be either self-sufficient in many activities (including toileting, feeding, walking, & talking) or doubt their own abilities |
| preschool | 3 to 5 years; children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parents & feeling guilty because of it |
| school age | 6 to 12 years; children eagerly learn to be competent & productive or feel inferior & unable to do any task well |
| adolescence | 13 to 19 years; adolescents try to figure out their personal identity. They establish sexual, ethnic, & career identities or are confused about what future roles to play |
| early adulthood | 20 to 40 years; young adults seek companionship & love with another person or become isolated from others |
| middle adulthood | 40 to 65 years; Middle-aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work & raising a family, or become stagnant & inactive |
| late adulthood | 65 years & over; older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful & whole or despairing at goals never reached & questions never answered |
| Living beings undergo continuous changes throughout lifespan such as? | physical, such as replacement of cells, tissues, & fluids; involve cognition, communication, emotions, behavior, & feelings |
| Growth | refers to an increase in size & may involve the entire being or parts within |
| Development | refers to function & the gradual process of change & differentiation, from simple to complex |
| Cephalocaudal & Proximodistal | two directional terms important to understanding growth & development |
| Cephalocaudal | is defined as growth & development that proceeds from the head toward the feet; infant's head is large as compared with the rest of its body |
| Proximodistal | refers to growth & development that originates in the center of the body & moves toward the outside; infant gains control of the shoulders before developing control of the hands & fingers |
| What plays an important role in growth patterns? | nutrition, heredity, & environment |
| Chromosones | threadlike structure in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information; blueprint for all inherited traits |
| Who has the same combinations of chromosomes (karyotype)? | only identical twins |
| The process of division, transmission, & mixing of chromosomes accounts for? | the variations in distinctive family traits or their continuity |
| conception( fertilization) | the union of the sperm & ovum, which combines the genetic material of both parents; produces the unique individual; development begins |
| zygote | the developing ovum from the time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted in the uterus, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes; happens after fertilization |
| ovum | always carries an X chromosome |
| sperm | sometimes carries an X & sometimes a Y chromosome |
| The presence of a Y chromosome in the sperm that fertilizes the ovum means? | baby will be male |
| If the fertilizing sperm has an X chromosome ? | baby will be a female |
| Environmental factors | also play a role in contributing to certain diseases or defects in the unborn |
| Teratogen | is a substance, agent, or process that interferes with normal prenatal development , causing then formation of one or more developmental abnormalities in the fetus |
| Family | the basic unit of society; also first socializing agent for teaching children society's expectations & limitations |
| Basic functions inherent to the family unit? | include protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, & socialization |
| Changes that have affected modern families | Economic changes, increase in the number of women in the workforce
Feminist movement
More effective birth control
Legalization of abortion
Postponement of marriage & childbearing
Increase in divorce rate |
| Nuclear family | normal family composition; is a unit that consists of parents & their biologic offspring; gender-based roles assigned to its members but has been less prevalent in US for many decades |
| In the modern-day nuclear family | father was the primary source of income |
| Extended family | consists of the nuclear or traditional family & additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, & uncles who live in the same household |
| What is common in extended family? | a sharing of support, roles, & responsibilities |
| Extended family constitutes | the basic family structure in many societies |
| Single-parent family | exists today by choice or as the result of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment |
| More than 40% of single-parent families are | the result of divorce |
| Blended (reconstituted) family | also called step family; is formed when adults remarry & bring together children from previous marriages; potentially presents many type of stresses |
| social contract family(cohabitation) | involves an unmarried couple living together & sharing roles & responsibilities |
| homosexual family | comprises a same-sex couple; consists of biologic, adopted, or foster children |
| Transgender family | may consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming |
| adoptive family | is a family unit with adopted children; achieve the same fulfillment associated with parenting as those families created by natural procreation |
| Grandfamilies | refer to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents; represents a growing demographic |
| What is the most common reason grandfamilies are becoming more prevalent? | parental substance abuse |
| Foster family | results when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children; placement traditionally involve abuse or neglect |
| Family patterns | refer to the way in which family members relate to one another; example: autocratic, patriarchal, matriarchal, & democratic patterns |
| Autocratic family pattern | the relationships are unequal; parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules & expectations; least open to outside influence |
| patriarchal family pattern | the adult male (or males in the family) usually assumes the dominant role |
| The adult male family member | functions in the work role, is responsible for control of finances, & makes most decisions |
| matriarchal family pattern | also known as the matrifocal family; the adult female (or females of the family) assumes primary dominance in areas of child care & homemaking & in financial decision making |
| democratic family pattern | the adult members function as equal; children are treated with respect & recognized as individuals |
| What does democratic family patterns encourage? | joint decision making, & it recognizes & supports the uniqueness of each individual member |
| What does democratic family pattern favor? | negotiation, compromise, & growth |
| engagement or commitment stage | begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves & others that they are considering marriage |
| establishment stage | extends from the wedding up until birth of the first child |
| What is one important tasks during the establishment stage? | the adjustment from the single, independent state to the married, interdependent state |
| What are challenges newly married couples face? | learning to live with another person & together managing two-person decision making, conflict resolution, & communication |
| marriage | to the average young adult is an important serious change that requires major adjustments |
| expectant stage | begins with conception & continues through the pregnancy |
| Most important decision of a person's life | starting a family |
| Pregnancy requires | physiologic & psychological |
| Important decisions considered during pregnancy | childbirth methods, continuation or modification of employment, child care, & feeding methods |
| What is the desired outcome of pregnancy? | is that a bond or attachment is established between parents & the new baby |
| surrogacy | the agreement of a women makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child, & then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple |
| parenthood stage | begins at the birth or adoption of the first child |
| Transition to parenthood | is a major event |
| Common signs of stress in children | mood swings, acting-out behavior, change in eating or sleeping, frequent stomachaches, headaches, or other unexplained somatic symptoms, excessive clinging to parents, thumb-sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development |
| Compounding the lack of time | is the stress of parenting& the self-doubt about ability & competency in this new role |
| disengagement stage | that period of family life when grown children depart from there home; the role of parenting changes during this phase of life cycle |
| senescence stage | is the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes |
| The greater life expectancy for women means | older women commonly outlive their spouses and continue life alone |
| The grand parenting role requires | new adaptations, such as change in one's roles & sense of identity |
| Most common stressors that affect the family unit | chronic illness, abuse, & divorce |
| Talking about what is causing the child's uneasy feelings | helps minimize the child's discomfort & helps bring about possible solutions |
| Factors that determine an individual's ability to cope with a family member's chronic illness | financial resources, family stability, & the adequacy of the support system |
| Alternative family patterns | more common in today's families often experience change & must adjust to new circumstances |
| Changes to the family's composition & economic factors | have resulted in more women in the labor force |
| Abuse | refers to physical, emotional, financial, & verbal abuse, sexual assault, & neglect |
| Children younger than 1 year of age | have the highest rate of victimization, & the abuser is most commonly a parent |
| Early recognition, prompt reporting, & preventive measures | are called for to help detect & end all forms of abuse & neglect |
| Divorce | is widespread; it continues to affect more than 1 million children annually |
| Fully appreciating the scope of human growth & development | involves examining a few aspects of development across a larger spectrum |
| Erik Erikson | viewed the life cycle as a series of developmental stages, each accompanied by a developmental task or challenge |
| During infancy | the unique ability of the brain to sort out basic sounds & to extract from sentences the most meaningful elements becomes apparent |
| The basic sequence of language; at 3 months | babbling; sounds they can make by enhancing the force of the air stream as it passes their vocal cords & by varying the positions of their tongue & mouth |
| The basic sequence of language; at 1 year | recognition of words; the ability to produce holo phrases (one word sentences that convey a complete message "up") |
| Early speech often | is referred to as telegraphic speech |
| How do infants acquire an understanding of the most meaningful units of speech? | in organizing & coding language |
| Piaget focused on | the concept of cognitive development beginning in infancy & continuing throughout the childhood years |
| Piaget's Stages Of Cognitive Development | sensorimotor, pre-operational thought, concrete operational thought, formal operational thought |
| Sensorimotor; Birth to 2 years | use senses & motor abilities to understand the world & coordinates sensorimotor skills; this period belongs with reflexes, develops schema, begins to interact with the environment, learns that an object still exist when it is out of sight & begins to remember & imagine experiences, develops thinking & goal-directed behavior |
| Formal Operational Thought; 12+ years | uses a systematic, scientific problem-solving approach; recognizes past, present, & future; is able to think about abstractions & hypothetical concepts & is able to move in thought "from real to the impossible"; becomes more interested in ethics, politics, & all social & moral issues as ability to take a broader & more theoretic approach to experience increases |
| A common rule of thumb about the evolution of early speech acquisition | is that the number of words in average response usually corresponds to the chronologic age of the child |
| By the time the baby is 1 year of age | the birth weight has tripled (average weight is 21 1/2 pounds or 47.3 kg) |
| By 12 months of age | the infant's birth length has increased about 50%, the typical length is 30 inches |
| Primary dentition schedule; 6 months | teething begins with eruption of 2 lower central incisors |
| Advise parents to begin toothbrushing | after the first teeth appear; this element of dental hygiene is important to continue throughout the lifespan |
| To prevent bottle mouth syndrome | avoid putting anything but water in the infant's night bottle |
| Propping up the bottle & leaving the child alone | potentially leads to aspiration |
| Holding the infant during feeding provides | warmth, comfort, & bonding, all vital factors in providing a feeling of love & security |
| By the end of 7 months | infants have acquired the ability to sit up steadily without support |
| Only identical twins | have the same combinations of chromosomes (karyotype) |
| A possible 5% to 25% of unfavorable outcomes in all pregnancies | are estimated to be attributable to smoking; which may increase low birth weight babies |
| Families are | composed of two or more individuals united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, & social roles |
| The modern day family usually consists of | a husband & wife with or without children living in an independent household setting |
| success at marriage | satisfies Erikson's task of intimacy |
| Erikson defined the task of the infant as | basic trust versus mistrust |
| A concern for parents of young infants | is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
| Safety steps to reduce the incidence of SIDS are | back to sleep, no cigarette smoke exposure, avoid soft bedding or pillows, keep room well ventilated, breast-feed, maintain regular check-ups |
| Accidents | the leading cause of injury & death in infants & young children |
| Essential to institute immediately at the birth of the child are? | safety precautions |
| Toilet training begins | 18-24 months |
| Nighttime control is achieved | after daytime control is established |
| Completes the last phase of sensorimotor development | 12 to 24 months |
| Toddlers | expend a high level of energy in daily growth, play & exploration; needs 12 hours of sleep plus a daytime nap |
| Adequate rest & sleep | are essential for maintaining optimal wellness |
| Play improves | muscle coordination, balance, & muscle strength |
| Prevention methods must include | supervision & education |
| Developmental tasks of the toddler | recognizes self as a separate person, develops increased attention span, communication skills, self-control skills, masters toilet-training basics, achieves independent mobility, & develops independent skills of daily living |
| Vision in the younger preschooler | is described as farsighted, usually improves during this time |
| Amblyopia; lazy eye corrective measures are | patching the good eye, usually strengthen the lazy eye & prevent blindness |
| During school-age period | growth pattern is usually gradual & subtle; "growing pains" occur |
| Erikson identified the task of the school-age years as | industry versus inferiority |
| sensorimotor stage | an infant's knowledge comes about primarily through sensory impressions & motor activities |
| schema | an innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment |
| preoperational thought stage | period of early childhood; when the child focuses on the use of language as a tool to meet needs, the child has the emerging ability to think |
| concrete operational phase | children in school years; thoughts become increasingly logical & coherent so that the child is able to classify, sort, & organize facts while still being incapable of generalizing or dealing with abstractions |
| school violence | defined as anything that physically or psychologically injures schoolchildren or damages school property |
| formal operational though stage | a higher process that permits abstract reasoning & systematic, scientific problem solving |
| The adolescent diet is most likely to be deficient in | calcium, zinc, & iron |
| increased amounts of milk | usually are required to supplement the average diet to ensure an adequate calcium intake |
| Depression | is defined as a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, & hopelessness |
| The body is at its optimal level | during early adult years |
| Physical appearance is influenced by | heredity, environment, & general state of wellness |
| When the senses are at their sharpest? | during young adulthood |
| Visual acuity is | keenest at about age 20 years & does not begin to decline until about 40 years old |
| Erikson identified early intimacy versus isolation as | the developmental task of adulthood |
| The "virtue" that develops in young adulthood is | the virtue of love, or the mutuality of devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives |
| What is the negative resolution of the task of adulthood & leads to isolation & self-absorption? | the opposite of intimacy, the distancing of oneself from intimate relationships |
| Presbyopia | a defect in vision in advancing age that involves loss of accommodation or the recession of the near point caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens & the ensuing change in close vision |
| Presbycusis | a normal progressive, age-associated loss of hearing acuity, speech intelligibility, auditory threshold, & pitch |
| Perimenopause | the period of menopausal transition |
| Ageism | a form of discrimination & prejudice against the older adult, is an unfortunate reality |
| The autoimmunity theory states | that with aging, the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self" |
| The primary organs of the immune system (bone marrow & thymus) | are believed to be affected by the aging process |
| As immune system function decreases, | the risk of the development of infection & cancer increases |
| Wear & tear theory | age is not based on chronologic age but its determined by the amount of wear & tear experienced |
| Activity theory | the older person who is more active socially is more likely to adjust well to aging |
| Aging | is a complex process that affects cells, tissues, & organs; highly individualized process like growth |
| Kyphosis | an exaggeration of the thoracic curvature, may increase with aging; leads to a barrel-chest appearance |
| Benign forgetfulness is more common than | forgetfulness associated with Alzheimer's disease; greater loss of recent memory over remote memory |
| Factors important to continued cognitive functioning | level of education, work roles, personality, health, lifestyle, & the relevancy or associated meaning of the tasks one is called on to perform |
| Some "practical" abilities may decline with age | where others may remain stable or improve with age |
| health promotion | belief that individuals can have a strong influence on their health status |
| Factors that determine a person's state of health | environment, social patterns, diet, exercise, & personal habits |
| What also contributes to inadequate dietary intake for some people? | Loneliness |
| older individuals | need more rest but less actual sleep |
| What is sleep for the older person often affected by? | medications, alcohol, cafeeine, stress, & environmental noise & temperature |
| Peer relationships become significant? | At school age |
| Late adulthood is | marked by a gradual slowing of the body's functioning |
