Chapter 19-20 - Detalles

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Which of the following is the first link in the chain of infection?

Virulence

Which of the following terms is used to describe disease-causing organisms?

Pathogens

An infection that is long in duration is a(n) _____ infection.

Chronic

A(n) ________ infection is through the skin, such as a needle stick.

Percutaneous

_______ transmission means touching or contact with the patient’s blood or saliva.

Direct

Mistlike aerosols are:

Capable of remaining airborne for extended periods and can be inhaled.

Which of the following types of pathogens are carried in the blood and body fluids of infected individuals and that can be transmitted to others?

Bloodborne

Immunity allows the body to resist disease and prevents foreign bodies from causing:

Infection.

When immunity is obtained by recovery from a disease, it is called _____ immunity.

Active

Transmission of a disease, from the dental office to a patient through a contaminated water system, is an example of _____ disease transmission in the dental office.

Community-to-dental office-to-patient

Which of the following is the most common route of disease transmission in the dental office?

Direct contact with the patient’s blood or saliva.

Which of the following is true regarding the role of the CDC in infection control?

The CDC issues specific recommendations on health-related matters, based on sound scientific evidence.

The role of _______ is to issue specific standards to protect the health of employees in the United States.

OSHA

Which of the following agencies released The Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings—2003?

CDC

The law designed to protect employees against occupational exposure to bloodborne disease-causing organisms such as HBV, HIV, and HCV is:

The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) Standard.

How often must the written exposure control plan describing how the dental office complies with the Bloodborne Pathogens (BBP) Standard be reviewed and updated?

Annually

According to the CDC, ________ Precautions represent a standard of care designed to protect healthcare providers from pathogens that can be spread by blood or any other body fluid, excretion, or secretion.

Standard

The CDC term Standard Precautions applies to contact with which of the following?

All body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat, regardless of whether they contain blood

Who should be notified first of an exposure incident after initial first aid is provided?

Employer

Which of the following is the first procedural step after an exposure incident?

Stop operations immediately.

The BBP Standard requires the dentist or employer to provide training in infection-control and safety issues to which of the following groups of people?

All personnel who might come in contact with blood, saliva, or contaminated instruments or surfaces

Which of the following is recommended by the CDC after administration of the HBV vaccine?

A blood test to ensure that the individual has developed immunity

Which of the following is the correct sequence for handwashing and gloving?

Wash your hands before you put on gloves and immediately after you remove gloves.

Which of the following statements about reducing microbial flora is true?

Alcohol-based hand rubs are more effective at reducing microbial flora than plain soap or antimicrobial handwashes.

Which of the following is considered personal protective equipment (PPE) that the employer should provide free of charge to the employee?

Protective eyewear

The Bloodborne Pathogens Standard states that contaminated protective clothing:

Can be picked up by a laundry service.

Which of the following should be removed first when removing PPE?

Gloves

The BBP Standard requires use of protective eyewear:

With front and side protection (solid side shields) during exposure-prone procedures.

Exam gloves used during dental treatment can be made of which of the following materials?

Latex or vinyl

Which of the following is the most common type of latex allergy?

Type IV allergic reaction

CDC guidelines and the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard consider saliva to be which of the following?

A potentially infectious body fluid

Waste that has had contact with blood or other body fluids is considered contaminated and is disposed of as which of the following types of waste in most states?

Biohazard

Infectious waste is defined as which of the following?

It is contaminated waste that is capable of transmitting an infectious disease.

When is the best time to clean and disinfect dental prostheses or impressions that will be handled in the in-office laboratory?

As soon as possible after removal from the patient’s mouth

Which of the following is true of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

It belongs to a group of neurologic disorders.

The number of pathogenic microorganisms can be directly related to which of the following?

Virulence

A person who is unable to resist infection by a particular pathogen is known as _______ in the chain of infection.

A susceptible host

Pathogens must have a pathway into the body called a(n) ________ to cause infection

Portal of entry

Which of the following is a persistent infection in which the symptoms come and go?

Latent infection

Transmission of pathogens occurring through contact from person to another person is which of the following forms of transmission?

Direct

What type of disease transmission refers to the spread of disease through droplets of moisture that contain bacteria or viruses?

Airborne transmission

Pathogens transmitted by means of cuts or punctures are an example of _______ transmission.

Parenteral

Tuberculosis, botulism, and streptococcal infections can be spread by which of the following?

Food and water transmission

The type of immunity acquired when the body has previously contracted a disease and recovered is called ________ immunity.

Naturally acquired

Immunization or vaccination is known as ________ immunity.

Artificially acquired

Which type of transmission of infection occurs through the mucosal surfaces of the eyes, nose, and mouth?

Patient-to–dental team infection

Infection control measures that help to prevent disease transmission to the dental professional include:

All of the above.

Which infection control measures must be practiced to avoid patient-to-patient disease transmission?

All of the above

Which dental professional falls under category II of the Occupational Exposure Determination?

Receptionist who might occasionally clean a treatment room or handle instruments or impressions

Under the Occupational Exposure Determination, which members of the dental staff fall under category I?

Sterilization assistant and laboratory technician

Which of the following diseases fall under the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard Law designed to protect employees against occupational exposure?

HIV and HCV

Who is responsible for training employees to respond properly to an exposure incident in the dental office?

The employer

_________ Precautions represent a standard of care designed to protect healthcare providers from pathogens that can be spread by blood or any other body fluid, excretion, or secretion.

Standard

To dispose of contaminated needles and other disposable sharp objects properly in a dental office, the dental professional should discard them in which of the following?

Sharps container

All of the following are descriptions of a sharps disposal container except:

Manufactured to be shredded in a paper shredder.

The CDC established guidelines for needle recapping. These guideline include:

Using the single-handed scoop method or a recapping device.

Protective Clothing Requirement Standards do not include:

Disposable jackets or gowns with long sleeves and high neckline.

Protective masks are worn over the nose and mouth to protect dental personnel from all of the following except:

Revealing emotions.

Which of the following can prevent contamination of a clean instrument or any object handled during treatment?

Overgloves

The environmental surfaces that must be cleaned and decontaminated more rigorously than the others are:

Clinical contact surfaces.

By current infection control guidelines of the Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures (OSAP), instrument trays are considered to be _____ surfaces.

Transfer

The method used to decontaminate a surface in a dental treatment area is:

Both a and b.

Following OSAP protocol, surface barriers:

Should be removed and discarded between patients while hands are still gloved.

The appropriate disinfection protocol to follow when a surface has been covered with a barrier is:

Clean and disinfect the surface at the beginning and end of each workday.

If the surface below the barrier is inadvertently touched when removing a contaminated barrier, the protocol to follow indicates:

The surface needs to be cleaned and disinfected.

The purpose of precleaning a surface is:

Do both a and b.

Precleaning can be accomplished using:

Both a and b.

Chemicals that destroy or inactivate most species of pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate surfaces are called:

Disinfectants.

Disinfectants used in dentistry must be:

Both a and b.

Which of the following can be used as a surface disinfectant in the dentistry?

Iodophors

To effectively clean and disinfect dental treatment rooms:

The surface should remain moist for the manufacturer’s recommended time for tuberculocidal action, usually 10 minutes.

For sterilization to occur using an immersion disinfectant, items must be immersed for a minimum of _____ hours.

Precautions when using glutaraldehyde include:

All of the above.

The high-level disinfectant that does not require activation or mixing and has little odor is:

Ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA).

Housekeeping surfaces:

Need to be cleaned with only a detergent or low-level disinfectant.

Recommendations for mixing solutions of detergents or disinfectants include:

Making fresh cleaning solution each day and discarding any unused solution at the end of the treatment day.

Carpet in dental treatment areas:

Harbors both bacteria and fungi.

Some microorganisms may survive on outside the host on environmental surfaces. The organism of concern to dentistry that can survive five weeks outside the host is:

Tuberculosis.

To avoid contamination in a dental treatment area, the best approach is to:

Assume all surfaces have been contaminated.

The protocol to follow to minimize contamination of touch and transfer surfaces from splash, spatter, and surface droplets is to:

Apply an acceptable barrier following precleaning and disinfection.

The use of barriers on surfaces and equipment can prevent contamination of contact areas. The correct protocol for their use would include:

Both a and b.

Under the CDC Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Healthcare Settings—2003, housekeeping surfaces include:

All of the above.

Acceptable barriers include:

All of the above.

All of the following surfaces should be protected from contamination with barriers except:

Counter tops in the reception area.

The agency responsible for the Bloodborne Pathogens Standards that requires contaminated surfaces to be disinfected between patients, even if no evidence of contamination is visible is:

OSHA.

The agency that regulates and registers disinfectants and chemical sterilants according to chemical classification is:

The EPA.

One difference between a disinfectant and sterilant is:

A disinfectant kills disease-causing microorganisms remaining on surfaces after precleaning

A product capable of killing spores is:

Sporicidal.

A product capable of killing a virus should be labeled:

Virucidal.

Which of the following is found on the label of a chemical agent?

All of the above.

According to the EPA, synthetic phenol compounds are categorized as intermediate-level hospital disinfectants. Phenols can be used on:

All of the above.

The chemical disinfectant classified as an intermediate-level agent that is no longer recommended for use in dentistry is:

Sodium hypochlorite.

One reason for taking precautions when using complex phenols for disinfection is that they:

Can degrade some plastics or etch the surface of glass

Instability, daily preparation, strong odor, and corrosion are some of the disadvantages of:

Sodium hypochlorite.

“Green” infection control protocols can be implemented in all of the following except:

Using recyclable product packaging.

The following are considered single-use items except:

Metal impression trays.

One of the benefits of using a complex phenol solution for disinfection is that they:

Are compatible with metal, glass, rubber, and plastic.

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