What are indications of VATS?

• Diagnostic pleuroscopy. • Pleural biopsies. • Lung biopsies. • Mediastinal biopsies. • Resection of pleural adhesions: (empyema, hemothorax, chronic effusion) • Pleurectomy (recurrent pneumothorax.) • Pleurodesis: (pleural carcinosis, recurrent benign pleural effusion) • Pericardial effusion (pericardial biopsy, pericardiocenthesis (posterior loculations), creation of a pleuro-pericardial window (drainage of benign pericardial effusion into the pleura). • Bullae resection: (emphysema (obstructive disease), bullous disease of the pulmonary apex (blebs)) • Pulmonary resections: nodule, wedge, lobectomy, pneumonectomy)