How is pathogenesis of testicular neoplasms?

➢ In addition to cryptorchidism Intersex syndromes, including androgen insensitivity syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis, are also associated with an increased frequency of testicular Kc. ➢ Brothers of males with germ cell tumors have an 8- to 10-fold increased risk, presumably owing to inherited factors. ➢ The development of cancer in one testis also is associated with a markedly increased risk for neoplasia in the contralateral testis. ➢ Extra copies of the short arm of chromosome 12, are found in virtually all germ cell tumors. ➢ Point mutations that create oncogenes are relatively rare in germ cell tumors, occurring at the lowest frequency of any solid tumor in adults. ➢ Among these are oncogenic mutations in KIT which are found in up to 25% of tumor