How is squamous cell carcinoma of baldder?

• Infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma with surface in situ squamous carcinoma Etiology: – Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium) • Major risk factor for bladder SCC in geographic regions with high prevalence of schistosomiasis (Egypt and other parts of Africa) – Smoking: 5x increased risk compared with nonsmokers – Chronic bladder irritation / inflammation associated with: • Long term catheterization, Bladder calculi or foreign bodies, Neurogenic bladder, Bladder exstrophy – Renal pelvis / ureter • Nephrolithiasis, such as staghorn calculi, Anatomic anomalies of the kidney, Chronic recurrent infections