F. TOXICITY RESULTING FROM DYSREPAIR 3) Carcinogenesis ; d) Nongenotoxic Carcinogens: Promoters of Mitosis and Inhibitors of Apoptosis 1 these chemicals cause cancer by PROMOTING CARCINOGENESIS INITIATED BY GENOTOXIC AGENTS or spontaneous DNA damage. 2) occurs in normal human cells at a rate of 1 out of 108 to 1010 base pairs 3 Increase the frequency of spontaneous mutations through a mitogenic effect and by inhibiting apoptosis, thereby increasing the number of cells with DNA damage and mutations.