Caused by cigarette smoke or prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants. o Leads to: inflamed mucosa, chronic irritation and secretions; bronchial fibrosis; labored productive cough, decreased cilia; risk of infection, cyanosis, cor pulmonae. • Interventions for COPD – postural drainage techniques, incentive spirometry devices, positive expiratory pressure devices, oral airway oscillation devices, supplemental oxygen if prescribed.