How do PMs activate the local inflammatory response?

1. the PMs are sensed by PRRs 2. the alveolar macrophages release TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 3. macrophages can become antigen-presenting cells 4. alveolar and airway epithelial cells are stimulated to produce chemokines