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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
A grant-in-aid for a broadly defined policy area, whose funding amount is typically based on a formula.	Block Grants
A grant-in-aid for a narrowly defined purpose whose dollar value is based on a formula.	Categorical formula Grants
A grant-in-aid for a narrowly defined purpose for which governments compete with each other by proposing specific projects	Categorical project grant
Intergovernmental relations in which the national government imposes its policy preferences on state and local governments.	Centralized federalism
Basic governing functions that are exercised by the national and state governments independently, and at the same time, including the power to make policy, raise revenue, implement policies, and establish courts.	Concurrent Powers
A government structure in which several independent sovereign states agree to cooperate on specified policy matters by creating a central governing body; each sovereign state retains ultimate authority over other governmental matters within its borders, so the central governing body is not a sovereign government.	Confederal System
Intergovernmental relations in which elements of dual federalism, cooperative federalism, and centralized federalism are evident in the domestic policies implemented by state and local government.	Conflicted Federalism
Intergovernmental relations in which the national government supports state governments’ efforts to address the domestic matters reserved to them.	Cooperative Federalism
The process whereby the national government returns policy responsibilities to state or local governments.	Devolution
The initial model of national and state relations in which the national government takes care of it enumerated powers while the state governments independently take care of their respective powers.	Dual Federalism
The powers of the national government that are listed in the Constitution.	Enumerated Powers
The return of individuals accused of a crime to the state in which the crime was committed upon the request of that state’s governor.	Extradition
A government structure with two levels of government in which each level has sovereignty over different policy matters and geographic areas; a system of government with dual sovereignty.	Federal system
The relationship between the national government and state and local governments whereby the national government provides grant money to state and local governments.	Fiscal Federalism
The constitutional clause that requires states to comply with and uphold the public acts, records, and judicial decisions of other states.	Full Faith, Credit Clause
The transfer of money from one government to another government that does not need to be paid back. (Intergovernmental transfer)	Grants in Aide
The state-to-state relationship created by the U.S. Constitution.	Horizontal Federalism
The powers of the national government that are not enumerated in the Constitution but that Congress claims are necessary and proper for the national government to fulfill its enumerated powers in accordance with the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution.	Implied powers
The interactions of two or more governments (national, state, and local) in their collective efforts to provide goods and services to the people they each serve.	Intergovernmental Relations (IGR)
Agreements between states that Congress has the authority to review and reject.	Interstate Compact
State courts’ use of their state constitutions to determine citizens’ rights, particularly when state constitutions guarantee greater protections than does the U.S. Constitution.	Judicial federalism
Clauses in legislation that direct state and local governments to comply with national legislation and national standards	Mandates
A grant requirement that obligates the government receiving the grant to spend some of its own money to match a specified percentage of the grant money provided.	Matching funds requirement
Definition / Question *The 1819 case that established that the necessary and proper clause justifies broad understandings of enumerated powers.	McCulloch v. Maryland
A clause in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis of the implied powers.	Necessary and Proper clause
The states’ reserved powers to protect the health, safety, lives, and properties of residents in a state.	Police Power
The constitutionally based principle that allows a national law to supersede state or local laws.	Preemption
The Constitution’s requirement that a state extend to other states’ citizens the privileges and immunities it provides for its citizens.	Privileges and immunities clause
The matters referred to in the Tenth Amendment over which states retain sovereignty.	Reserved powers
The U.S. Constitution’s description of its own authority, meaning that all laws made by governments within the United States must be in compliance with the Constitution.	Supreme law of land
A governmental system in which one central government is the sovereign government and it creates other, regional governments to which it delegates some governing powers and responsibilities; however, the central government retains ultimate authority (sovereignty).	Unitary System
Exemptions from particular conditions normally attached to grants.	Waivers