| the branch of biology that studies the structure and function of cells | Cytology |
| the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals | Cell |
| material that has been homogenized (especially tissue that has been ground and mixed) | Homogenate |
| the process of separating substances of different densities by the use of a centrifuge | Centrifugation |
| Term cytology given by | Robert hooke |
| Robert hooke wrote | Micrographia |
| Father of modern cytology | Swanson |
| Swansom wrote | The cell book |
| Indian cytologist | AK sharma |
| cytogenetic term given by | H. J. Muller |
| the branch of biology that studies the cellular aspects of heredity (especially the chromosomes) | Cytogenetics |
| Cell theory given by | Scheilden and schwann |
| Cell theory extended by | Rudolf virchow |
| Idea of cellular totipotency | Haberlandt |
| Secrets of nature written by | antonie van leeuwenhoek |
| Who found honey comb like structure in a piece of cork under microscope and in which year | Robert hooke in 1665 |
| First person to use the word cell | Robert hooke |
| Father of cytology | Robert hooke |
| First person to notice free living cell | antonie van leeuwenhoek |
| leeuwen hoek discoverd bacteria from ___ and named it ____ | Rain water present on soil, named it wild animalcules |
| what did rudolf virchow discover about cells and added to cell theory | omni cellula e cellulae, all organisms arises from pre- existing cells |
| Omni cellula e cellulae also called as | cell lineage |
| Cell lineage explained experimentally by | Louis pasteur |
| Louis pasteur performed - | Swan neck flask experiment |
| Which experiment rejected idea of spontaneous growth even for microbes, who and when it was performed | Broth experiment by louis pasteur in 1862 |
| Cell cannot arise de novo means | Always arise from pre existing cells |
| Basicly cells are totipotent untill and unless | Specialised |
| One cell have all the genetic info required to produce a whole plant body | cellular totipotency |
| Large scale plants produced in test tubes using tissue culture | micropropagation |
| Ability of somatic cell to form the whole organism | Cellular totipotency |
| Cellular totipotency stated by | German botanist haberlandt in 1902 |
| Cellular totipotency experimentally demonstrated by | Steward |
| Cellular totipotency used in | Tissue culture
Micro propagation
Production virus frree plants
Artificial seed production |
| Smallest cell without cell wall | Mycoplasma |
| Smallest bacteria, cell with cell wall | Dialister pneumosintes |
| Largest isolated animal cell | Ostrich egg |
| Largest unicellular plant | Acetobularia: single celled green algae |
| Largest plant cell | Fibre of ramie, 55 cm |
| Scientific name of fibre of ramie and its family | Boehmiria nivea, family: Urticaceae |
| Longest animal cell | Nerve fibre or nerve cell |
| Longest prokaryotic cell | Spirillum volutans |
| any flagellated aerobic bacteria having a spirally twisted rodlike form | Spirillum |
| Erythrocyte RBC | Dont have nucleus, biconcave disc like in shape |
| blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system | Leucocyte |
| a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus | erythrocyte cells |
| Leucocyte types | Granulocyte: 1. Neutophils
2.Eosinophils
3.Basophils
Agranulocytes: 1. Monocyte
2. Lymphocytes |
| the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes | neutrophils |
| a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains | basophil |
| a leukocyte readily stained with eosin | Eosinophil |
| a type of agranular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria | Monocyte |
| an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection | Lymphocyte |
| a B vitamin that is essential for metabolism of amino acids and starch | Pyridoxine |
| an inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin | Thalassemia |
| Microcytic RBC | Pyridoxine deficiency anaemia
Thalassemia
Iron deficiency anaemia |
| a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction | Folate |
| Macrocytic RBC | vitamin b12 or folate deficiency anaemia
Liver disease
MDS
Chemotherapy, example: methotrexate |
| Neurons and glial cells | Brain |
| Hepatocyte | Liver |
| large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat; synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood; synthesizes vitamin A; detoxifies poisonous substances and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes | Liver |
| used to separate cell components based on size and density | cell fractionation |
| material that has been homogenized especially tissue that has been ground and mixed) | homogenate |
| it gives a series of pellets containing different cell components | differential centrifugation |
| homogenate centirifuged at 1000g for 10 mins gives | pellets rich in nuclie and cellular debris |
| homogenate centirifuged at 20000g for 20 min gives | pellet rich in mitochondria and chloroplast if cells are from plant cell |
| homogenate centirifuged at 80000g for 60 min gives | pellets rich in microsomes: pieces of plasma membrane and cells' internal membranes |
| homogenate centirifuged at 150000g for 3hr gives | pellets rich in ribosomes |
| attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotic cell; not visible in TEM | Fimbriae |
| region where the prokaryotic cells' DNA is located; not enclosed by a membrane | nucleoid |
| membrane enclosing the cytoplasma | plasma membrane |
| rigid structure outside the plasma membrane | cell wall |
| outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or a slime layer | glycocalyx |
| a lash-like appendage used for locomotion e.g.,in some bacteria and protozoa) | flagellum |
| in plasma membrane the bilayer is made up of | phospholipid with various protiens |
| more surface are per volume | small cell |
| lesser surface area per volume | large cell |
| size of cell determined by | *requirement of nutrients and oxygen*
*regulating ability of its nucleus |
| imp factors contributing in size of cells are? | *nucleocytoplasmic ratio*
*surface area of the cell* |
| omni cllula ex vivo means | all life comes from life given by pasteur |
| to become efficient large cell try to increase their surface area per volume by developing | microvilli, becomes flat and long tubular |
| unorganised but actively dividing mass of undifferentiated cells | callus |
| four basic shapes of prokaryotes. | 1 bacillus: rod shaped;
2 coccus: spherical;
3 vibrio: comma;
4 spirillum: spiral. |
| all prokaryotes have cell wall except | mycoplasma |
| any of a group of small parasitic bacteria that lack cell walls and can survive without oxygen; can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infection | mycoplasma |
| in prokaryotes small DNA outside genophore is called | plasmid |
| a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication | plasmid |
| plasmid dna in bacteria is used in | monitoring bacterial transformation with foreign DNA |
| specialized structures formed by convulated invagination of cytoplamic membrane in prokaryotes is called | mesosomes |
| mesosome of prokaryote is analogous to | mitochondria |
| genetic material in prokaryotes consists of | double stranded circular DNA |
