| The absorption of phosphorus takes place in: | duodenum |
| The absorption of phosphorus is optimal at the Ca/P ratio of: | 1/1 |
| In youth, the plasma concentrations of phosphorus are: | higher than in adults |
| The Ca/P ratio in birds is found between: | 3/1 – 3.5/1 |
| One of the roles that phosphorus does NOT play in the body is: | contributes to the nervous in flux formation |
| In regulating the phosphorus concentration in the blood, the parathyroid hormone has
hyperphosphatemia effect through: | phosphates mobilization from bones |
| The absorption of iron is stimulated by: | hydrochloric acid |
| Through its enzymes (salivary amylase), saliva triggers the digestion of certain food substrates
such as: | starch |
| The excretion of iron is done by: | digestive pathway |
| Blood phosphorus is: | inorganic and organic phosphorus |
| The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice is produced by: | the parietal cells of the gastric glands |
| The two ions of HCl are produced by: | the same cell |
| In the synthesis of HCl by the gastric glands, the hydrogen ions in the HCl structure come
from: | carbonic acid intracellular dissociation |
| Carbonic acid is synthesized in the parietal cells of the gastric glands under the control of: | carbonic anhydrase |
| The species that has the most alkaline pH of the saliva along with a higher bicarbonate and
phosphate concentration than that of the blood serum at this level is: | ruminants |
| The hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice has digestive roles. Among its roles DOES NOT
count: | activation of trypsinogen to trypsin |
| The count: | activation of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin |
| The activation of pepsinogen in pepsin occurs: | on contact with the acidic gastric contents |
| The activation of pepsinogen consist of: | cleavage of the pepsinogen molecule to active pepsin and removal of an inhibitory
peptide residue |
| Under the general name of zymogens are known: | the digestive proenzymes activated in the lumen of the digestive tract |
| The HCl secretion is stimulated by: | acetylcholine |
| The HCl secretion is stimulated by: | gastrin |
| Parietal cells from the gastric glands secrete: | hydrochloric acid |
| The amount of gastric juice produced daily in the horse can reach: | 30L |
| The pyloric glands secrete the hormone called: | gastrin |
| Intra gastric coagulation of milk is produced by: | pepsin in adult animals, lab ferment in infants |
| The specificity of pepsin lies in the fact that it: | answers a and b are valid
hydrolyses the peptide chains of the aromatic amino acids
hydrolyses the peptide chains of the carboxylic amino acids |
| The optimal pH of action for pepsin is: | very acidic (1.5–3) |
| Renin from the gastric juice participates in: | proteins digestion in infant animals |
| Renin from the gastric juice is a: | endopeptidase |
| The main hormone that contributes to the regulation of gastric juice secretion in the gastric
phase is: | gastrin |
| The main hormone that contributes to the regulation of gastric juice secretion in the cephalic
phase is: | gastrin |
| Gastrin is a hormone produced by the: | G cells from the gastric mucosa |
| In the digestive secretions, the role of the gastrin consist of: | stimulation of the hydrochloric acid |
| Gastrin secretion is inhibited by: | acidic pH |
| Enterokinase has the following role: | catalyses the transformation of trypsinogen into trypsin |
| The secretion of the Brunner glands has the following qualities, except the fact that it is: | a secretion rich in digestive enzymes |
| Enterokinase is produced by: | the Liberkuhn cells |
| Which are the three gastric secretion phases? | cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase |
| The presence of maltase is a characteristic of: | the intestinal secretion |
| Aminopeptidases have as a specific substrate: | peptides |
| Carboxypeptidases have as a specific substrate: | peptides |
| Trypsinogen: | represents the inactive form of trypsin |
| Most intestinal enzymes exert their action within: | membrane digestion |
| In species with a small capacity gallbladder, it has only role in: | regulator organ of the exhaust pressure |
| During the period of digestive absorption, the liver and peripheral tissues metabolic processes
are directed predominantly towards: | storage of the nutrients from the intake |
| During the period of digestive absorption, the liver: | retains the excess of blood glucose and converts it into glycogen and triglycerides |
| At a pH between 6 – 8, the activation process of the trypsinogen: | becomes autocatalytic |
| The pancreatic enzyme for digesting carbohydrates is pancreatic amylase, which hydrolyses: | answers a and b are correct starch/ glycogen |
| Chylomicrons and low-density lipoproteins in the blood release fatty acids into the peripheral
tissues, the process being controlled by: | insulin |
| The total amount of glycogen that can be stored in the liver is limited to: | maximum10% of the liver’s weight |
| The liver cannot take over and store the entire amount of glucose absorbed in the form of
glycogen. That is why the body also possesses other mechanisms for taking over glucose excess.
Such a mechanism is: | the synthesis of fatty acids |
| The bile pigments, bilirubin and biliverdin: | don’t have digestive functions |
| Of the total amount of amino acids absorbed, reached from the portal circulation into the liver,
pass into the systemic circulation about: | 23% |
| Serum proteins fulfil many functions. One of the functions that is NOT fulfilled by these
proteins is: | constitutes source of amino acids for the synthesis of extrahepatic proteins |
| The most important stimulus for causing the gallbladder contractions is the hormone: | cholecystokinin |
| The primary function of the small intestine is to: | absorb nutrients and their digestive products into the blood |
| The key hormone that plays a role in initiating the mechanisms of conversion of amino acids
that come from the digestive absorption into glucose is: | glucagon |
| In the case of a balanced intake of carbohydrates and proteins, increased aminoacidemia
stimulates both insulin and glucagon secretion. Intense glucagon secretion plays the following
role: | Counteracts the effects of a postprandial hyperinsulinemia by priming the gluconeogenic
mechanisms |
| One of the disadvantages of storing energy in the form of lipids is the fact that: | fats, being insoluble in water, require special forms of blood transport |
| The bicarbonate ions from the intestinal mucus have an important role in: | neutralizing the hydrochloric acid entering the duodenum from the stomach |
| The bile salts emulsifying function on the lipids is possible due to the fact that: | the bile salts decrease the surface tension of the particles |
| In the liver, glucagon: | stimulates glycogenolysis |
| The mobilization of amino acids from the muscles is stimulated to a large extent by: | absence of insulin and presence of cortisol |
| Bile salts, by breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets in a process called
emulsification, enhance the digestive action of: | lipase |
| The proteolytic digestive enzymes when are first synthesized in the pancreatic cells, they are: | in the inactive forms trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypolypeptidase |
| The metabolic dominant of the adipose tissue in the post absorbent phase of digestion is: | mobilization of fatty acids |
| The fatty acids released from the adipose tissue into the blood, in order to be transported: | are reversibly bound to albumins |
| In order to be activated the pepsinogen must come in contact with: | hydrochloric acid |
| In long periods of undernutrition or in complete starvation, the body uses for the production
of energy mainly: | fatty acids and ketone bodies |
| The gastric enzymes are:
a.
b. pepsin, trypsin and lipase
c. pepsin, trypsin and amylase
d. trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase
e. amylase, lipase and pepsin | pepsin, rennin and lipase |
| The gastric juice is secreted continuously. Control of the gastric secretion is achieved through: | neuronal and humoral (hormonal) mechanisms |
| Propionate is an important glucose precursor in ruminants. In ruminants, propionate comes
from: | ruminal absorption as volatile fatty acid |
| Ruminants also ensure glucose storage by protecting its metabolic degradation by the fact
that: | fatty acids are synthesized from acetate |
| Ruminants are permanently in a potential state of deficiency of: | glucose |
| The cephalic phase of the gastric secretion occurs: | before the food enters the stomach |
| The pancreatic juice is mainly composed of: | enzymes and sodium bicarbonate |
| The ammonia resulting from amino acid deamination is eliminated from the body in the form
of: | urea |
| Muscle mass reacts to energy demands by: | amino acids mobilisation |
| The water requirement of farm animals is directly proportional with: | body surface |
| Water plays many roles in the body. One of the roles that it doesn’t fulfil is: | solvent for ingested fats |
| The synthesis of most of the ketone bodies in the lipid metabolism is performed in: | liver |
| Regulating calcium metabolism involves controlling the movement of calcium between the
extracellular fluid and the following body structures: | bone, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys |
| Increased blood calcium concentration by about 10% causes immediate increase of the
secretion of: | calcitonin |
| The hormone that stimulates osteoclast activity and the renal calcium reabsorption is: | parathormone |
| The intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion regulation is triggered by: | the food entering into the duodenum |
| The main pancreatic enzyme involved in the digestion of the ingested fats is: | lipase |
| The inhibitory role of secretin on the secretion of gastric juice is exercised by: | answers a and b are correct: it acts directly on the main cells that secret gastric juice / it acts on the G cells that secret gastrin |
| One of the following hormones has no inhibitory effects on the gastric juice secretion: | gastrin |
| In connection with the regulation of gastric juice secretion, atropine injection in dogs causes: | inhibition of the gastric juice secretion |
| The composition of the bile consists of: | all the answers are correct |
| The enzyme that stimulates the carbonic acid synthesis required for the production of
pancreatic sodium bicarbonate is: | carbonic anhydrase |
| The pancreatic juice contains many proteases. One of the proteases that it does not contain is: | pepsin |
| The notion of zymogen is synonymous with that of: | proenzyme |
| Activation of trypsinogen in the pancreatic juice is accomplished by: | answers a, b and c are correct trypsin/ autocatalytic/ enterokinase |
| The activation of chymotrypsinogen consists of: | removing some peptide fragments from its molecule structure |
| Intra-intestinal coagulation of milk is accomplished by: | chymotrypsin |
| The regulation of bile secretion is done through a mechanism: | positive feedback |
| The hormone with the main choleretic role is: | gastrin |
| In which of the following digestive secretions the bicarbonate cannot be found: | gastric juice |
