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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Something that offers automatic protection	passive interventions
Public health professional who investigates patterns and causes of disease and injury in a given population and seeks to reduce the risk, occurrence, and negative impacts of these threats through research, public education and legislative change	Epidemiologist
The study of the causes, patterns, prevalence and control of disease in groups of people	Epidemiology
Collection of the method, skills, activities necessary. Determines whether a service or program is needed, likely to be used, conducted as planned and actually helps people	Evaluation
A framework developed by William Haddon Jr. MD as a method to generate idea’s about injury prevention that address the host, agent, and environment and their impact in the pre-event, event, and. Post event phases of the injury process	haddon matrix
Injuries that ar purposefully inflicted by a person on himself or herself or on another person. Examples include: suicide, attempted suicide, homicide, rape, assault, domestic abuse, elder abuse, and child abuse	Intentional injuries
In the context of prevention, specific measures or activities designed to meet a program objective. Categories include: enforcement/ legislation, engineering/technology, economic incentives	Interventions
Number of nonfatality injured or disabled people, usually expressed as a rate, meaning the number of non fatal injuries in a certain population in a given time period divided by the size of the population	Morbidity
Deaths caused by injury and disease, usually expressed as a rate, meaning the number of deaths in a certain population in a given time period divided by the size of the population	Mortality
States the intended effect of the program on participants or on the community in such terms as the participants increased knowledge, changed behaviors or attitudes, decreased injury rates	Outcome (impact) objectives
Keeping an injury or illness from occuring	Primary prevention
States how a program will be implemented describing the service to be provided, the nature of service, and to whom it will be directed	Process objectives
An industry whose mission is to prevent disease and promote good health within groups of people	Public health
A potentially hazardous situation that puts people in a position in which they could be harmed	Risk
Characteristics of people, behaviors, or environments that increase the chances of disease or injury; some examples are alcohol use, poverty, smoking, or gender	Risk factors
Reducing the effects of an injury or illness that has already happened	Secondary prevention
The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of injury data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice	Surveillance
Monitoring and comparing the current number and nature of medical cases against the expected volume of these cases at a given time and place in the community	Syndrome surveillance
Injuries that occur without intent to harm (commonly called accidents); some examples are MVA, poisonings, drownings, falls, and most burns	Unintentional injuries
A way of measuring and comparing the overall impact of deaths resulting from different causes; calculated based on a fixed age minus the age at death	Years of potential life lost (YPLL)
Time parameters that are set during a research project	Alternative time sampling
The method of not giving the specifics of a project to the people participating in a research or study	Blinding
A type of research in which a single case is investigated and documented over a period of time	Case study
A process in which a person, and institution or a program is evaluated and recognized as meeting certain predetermined standards to provide safe and ethical care	Certification
A type of research that examines patterns of change, a sequence of events, or trends over time within a certain population of study subjects	Cohort research
An organization that develops continuing education standards and is involved in setting accreditation standards for prehospital providers; formerly called the continuing educationcoordinating board for emergency medical service (CECBEMS)	Commission on accreditation for pre-hospital continuing education (CAPCE)
A system of internal and external reviews and audits of all aspects of an EMS system	Continuous quality improvement (CQI)
A type of research in which subjects are manually assigned to a specific person or crew, rather than being randomly assigned; the least preferred component of research	Convenience sampling
A ata collection method in which all data at one point in time is collected, essentially serving as a snapshot of events and information	Cross sectional design
A research format in which an observation of an event is made, but without attempts to alter or change It	Descriptive
A health care system designed to bring immediate on scene care to those in need along with transport to a definitive medical care facility	Emergency medical services (EMS)
A behavior expected by a person or group following a set of rules	Ethical
The use of practices that have bee proven to be effective in improving patient outcomes	Evidence based practice
A person who follows specific professional attributes that are outlined in this profession	Health care professional
A research format that uses a hypothesis to prove one finding from anther	Inferential
A group or institution that follows a set of requirements for review that were devised by the US public health service	Institutional review board (IRB)
The process whereby a state allows qualified people to perform a regulated act	Licensure
A form of research in which the existing literature is reviewed, and the researcher analyzes the collection of research to draw a conclusion	Literature review
A data collection method in which information is collected at various set time intervals, and not just at one time	Longitudinal design
Direction given to an EMS system or provider by a physician	Medical direction
An early title given to an ambulance style unit	mobile intensive care units (MICUs)
Medical direction given through a set of protocols, polices, and or standards	Off line (indirect) medical control
Medical direction given in real time to an EMS service or provider	Online (direct) medical control
Outlined measures that may be difficult to obtain in a research project	Parameters
The process used by medical magazines, journals, and other publications to ensure the quality and validity of an article before it is published, and which involves sending the article to subject matter experts for review of the content and research methods	Peer review
A specialized set of knowledge, skills, and or expertise	Profession
A type of research that gathers information as events occur n real time	Prospective research
A treatment plan developed for a specific illness or injury	Protocol
A type of descriptive statistic in research that does not use numeric infomation	Qualitative
The responsibility of the medical director to ensure the appropriate medical care standards are met by EMS personnel on each call	Quality control
A type of measurement in research that uses a mean, median, and mode.	Quantitative
The process of granting licensure or certification to a provider from another state or agency	Reciprocity
Providing information to an entity that stores it in some form of record book. In the context of EMS, records of your education, state or local licensure, and recertification are held by a recognized board.	Registration
The specific questions that a study aims to answer, and precise methods in which the data will be gathered.	Research agenda
A group of agencies working together to study a particular topic.	Research consortium
The area (clinical, basis science, systems, or education) that will be impacted by a study.	Research domain
Research preformed from current available information.	Retrospective research
in an EMS organization, a system of beliefs and practices that (1) acknowledge the organizations engage in high-risk activities, (2) determine the importance of consistent safe operations to counteract these activities, (3) support a blame-free environment where errors can be reported without fear or punishment, and (4) maintain organizational commitment to address reported errors and safety concerns.	Safety culture
Expected errors that occur in the sampling phase of research.	Sampling errors
A measure of the range of scores in a set of data relative to the mean score	Standard deviation
A type of protocol that is a written document signed by the EMS system’s medical director that outlines specific directions, permissions, and sometimes prohibitions regarding patient care that is rendered prior to contacting medical control.	Standing order
A computer- generated list of subjects or groups for research.	Systematic sampling
The collaborations of prehospital and in-hospital medicine that focuses on optimizing the use of resources and assets of each with a primary goal of reducing the mortality and morbidity of trauma patients.	Trauma systems
A type of study in which the subjects are advised of all aspects of the study.	Unblinded study