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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
the principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others	altruism
An action-guiding moral principle obliging us to respect the particular decisions of adults with decision-making capacity. Derived from the Greek autos (self) and nomos (rule or law), this principle requires recognition of the right of individuals to determine their own future without interference from others. Also called the “right of self-determination” or the “right of self-rule.”	autonomy
An action-guiding moral principle obliging us to help others and to promote their welfare. Derived from the Latin bene (well, from bonus, good) and facere (to do), this principle follows the principle of autonomy in priority and complements the principle of nonmaleficence by prioritizing patients’ right to services in their best interest; it becomes dominant when patients are unable or incompetent to communicate their personal choices.	beneficence
A formal statement by a group that establishes and prescribes moral and nonmoral standards and behaviors for members of that group.	code of ethics
Any moral philosophy holding that actions are right or wrong according to the balance of their good or bad consequences. The right act in any circumstance is the one that produces the best overall result, as determined from an impersonal perspective that gives equal weight to the interests of each affected party. Act consequentialism requires agents to perform the particular action that in a particular situation is most likely to maximize good consequences; rule consequentialism requires agents to follow those moral rules the observance of which will maximize good consequences. Utilitarianism is the most prominent consequence-based ethical theory.	consequentialism
An agreement, usually formal, between two or more persons to do or not do something specified. This model carries an element of professional gratitude that pushes the health professional to go beyond the bare minimum of what may be agreed upon in a contract-based relationship.	covenant
The responsibility or obligation of one person to another. The duty of care entails providing services to patients at the prevailing clinical standard, which must equal the national standard of quality of care. The bestowed right of health care assistance to the indigent through Medicaid implies an obligation of all pharmacists to provide that assistance in an equitable manner.	duty
The quality or ideal of being just, fair, or impartial.	equity
The supposition that one or more principles are inherent to a particular ethical dilemma.	ethical assumptions
intentional killing of a patient by a physician (active vs passive)	euthanasia
An ethical principle that obliges us to remain faithful to our commitments, especially in keeping promises and protecting confidentiality.	fidelity
The knowledge base upon which a patient may rationally choose or refuse treatment.	informed consent
An action-guiding moral principle that obliges us to treat those who are equal, in relevant respects, in the same manner. While individuals are unequal, in relevant respects, the obligation is to treat them in a fair manner. This means that those who have greater need may justly receive more of a particular resource than those with less need.	justice
A situation where there are two equally justifiable courses of action or judgments and the individual is uncertain which one to pursue or choose.	moral dilemma
An ethical perspective that maintains that some human actions are right or wrong no matter what the consequences. Moral values such as truthfulness and justice are pure and ideal; when followed, they will result in a quality human experience without regard to consequences.	nonconsequentialism
An action-guiding moral principle that asserts an obligation to not inflict harm on others intentionally or engage in actions with foreseeable harmful effects	nonmaleficence
Acts or practices that restrict or override the autonomy or known preferences of individuals without their explicit consent, intended to benefit those individuals or to prevent harm occurring to them.	Paternalism
That component of pharmacy practice that entails direct interaction of the pharmacist with the patient for the purpose of caring for that patient’s drug-related needs; the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.	pharmaceutical care
The person making a decision on behalf of a person without decision-making capacity.	surrogate
Veracity, being truthful, habitually telling the truth.	Truthfulness
The Medical Act of 1858, at the instigation of the newly established British Medical Association, established the General Medical Council to protect the public by controlling admission to the medical register on the basis of explicit educational and ethical standards to exclude unqualified practitioners from practicing medicine and to ensure that only those orthodox practitioners who had attained the prescribed standards were admitted to the register. Moreover, qualified medical practitioners who fell below the prescribed standards were liable to disciplinary action, including removal from the register if they were found guilty of “infamous conduction in a professional respect,” performing abortions or active euthanasia, having sexual relations with patients, abusing alcohol or drugs, fee splitting, “covering” for medical practice carried out by unregistered persons, convictions in court that would bring dishonor to the profession, abuse of financial opportunities afforded by medical practice, improper denigration of professional colleagues, advertising for the physician’s own financial advantage, and canvassing for patients. American standards for unprofessional conduct of both physicians and pharmacists developed from the British model.	Unprofessional conduct
A standard or quality that is esteemed, desired, or considered important or has worth or merit.	Value
The moral principle that obliges one to tell the truth and to not lie or deceive others.	veracity
A disposition (such as honesty or kindness) or trait (such as conscientiousness) that is valued and is acquired in part by teaching and practice and, perhaps, by grace.	Virtue