| 1. What is an antigen: | A substance that bind to a lymphocyte receptor |
| 2. The term immunogen refers to: | A substance that induces an immune response when injected into an individual |
| 3. Heteroantigens may include: | Infectious agents |
| 4. The properties of an antigen that determine the potency of the immune response are referred to as: | Antigenicity |
| 5. The distinct regions within the antigen that are individually capable of interacting with the immune system are called: | Epitopes |
| 6. The epitopes that are more effective at inducing an immune response are called: | Immunodominant |
| 7. The small chemical group which, by itself, cannot elicit an immune response is called: | Hapten |
| 8. A hapten can produce an immune response only when it binds to: | A carrier protein |
| 9. A substance which, when combined with antigen, nonspecifically enhances the ensuing immune response to that antigen is called: | Adjuvant |
| 10. The fraction of blood that remains fluid after clotting represents: | The serum |
| 11. Immunoglobulins or antibodies are: | gamma proteins |
| 12. The variable regions containing the greatest degree of variation in amino acid sequence is called: | The hypervariable region |
| 13. The IgG molecule comprises of: | A single Y-shaped unit |
| 14. The dominant form of immunoglobulin found in the serum is: | IgG |
| 15. The dominant antibody found in the secondary immune response is: | IgG |
| 16. Which is the largest antibody molecule? | IgM |
| 17. The IgM molecule comprises of: | Five Y-shaped units |
| 18. The Y-shaped units of IgM are linked together by: | A Joining (J) chain |
| 19. How many constant heavy regions does the IgM molecule has? | Four |
| 20. The dominant antibody found in the primary immune response is: | IgM |
| 21. IgA is mainly a: | Dimer |
| 22. The highest concentration of IgA is found in: | Mucosal surfaces |
| 23. The only antibody that possesses a secretory component is: | IgA |
| 24. IgD is found: | On the surface of B cells |
| 25. How many heavy constant regions does the IgE molecule has? | Four |
| 26. The major role of IgE is as a participant in the immune response to: | Parasites |
| 27. Type I hypersensitivity and allergic diseases are mediated by: | IgE |
| 28. Which antibody can bind to the surface of mast cells and basophils: | IgE |
| 29. The main role of the Fab region of the antibody is: | To recognize and bind an epitope |
| 30. The strength of overall binding between antigen and antibody is called: | avidity |
| The primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where: | Lymphoid cells are formed and undergo initial maturation |
| The secondary lymphoid tissue are the sites where: | Mature lymphoid cells are capable of participating in immune responses |
| The bone marrow is: | A primary lymphoid organ |
| What is the role of the bone marrow? | To produce all the cells of the immune system |
| 35. Maturation of B cells in birds is done in: | The bursa of Fabricius |
| The thymus is: | A primary lymphoid organ |
| What is the role of the thymus? | The site were T cells undergo final maturation |
| T cell development in the thymus is enhanced by cytokines produced by: | Hassall’s corpuscles |
| Apoptotic T lymphocytes in the thymus are phagocytosed by: | Macrophages |
| Lymph nodes are: | Secondary lymphoid organs |
| Spleen is: | An encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ |
| The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is: | A secondary unencapsulated lymphoid tissue |
| The follicular aggregates in the cortex of the lymph nodes are composed of: | B lymphocytes |
| The paracortex of the lymph nodes is composed of: | T lymphocytes |
| The splenic substance comprises of: | Red pulp and white pulp |
| The red pulp of the spleen is: | A reservoir of blood |
| The white pulp of the spleen is composed of: | T and B lymphocytes |
| T lymphocytes in the spleen form the: | Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) |
| Peyer’s patches are: | Secondary unencapsulated lymphoid tissue |
| The epithelium of the Payer’s patches contains: | M cells |
| 51. What is a naive lymphocyte? | A lymphocyte that has not been previously exposed to an antigen |
| What is a memory cell? | A lymphocyte that has previously participated in an immune response and retains the memory of that event |
| What is a plasma cell? | A late stage of development of B cells |
| What is the function of a plasma cell? | To produce antibodies |
| What are vascular addressins: | Molecules expressed on the surface of endothelial cells in the cell homing phenomenon |
| CD3 surface receptors are specific for: | T lymphocytes |
| CD4 surface receptor is specific for: | T helper cells |
| CD8 surface receptor is specific for: | T cytotoxic cells |
| MHC class II stimulates only: | CD4+ T helper cells |
| MHC class I stimulates only: | CD8+ T cytotoxic cells |
| For a T lymphocytes to be activated, how many signals are necessary? | 3 signals |
| What is the role of T helper cells? | Coordinates the activity of the entire immune system |
| What are the main cytokines produced by Th1 helper cells: | IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) |
| What antibody can Th1 helper cell help B cells produce? | IgG |
| What is the main role of Th1 helper cells? | Stimulate cell-mediated immune response |
| What are the main cytokines produced by Th2 helper cells: | IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 |
| What is the role of Th2 helper cells? | Stimulate humoral immune response |
| What cytokine produced by Th1 cells is inhibitory for Th2 cells? | IFN-γ |
| What cytokine produced by Th2 cells is inhibitory for Th1 cells? | IL-4 and IL-13 |
| The common precursor cell of Th1 and Th2 is: | Th0 |
| Nk cells are: | Cells of the innate immune cells |
| What is the function of NK cells? | Cytotoxic response |
| NK cells take part in: | Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
| The killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) on NK cells are activated by: | MHC class I |
| 75. The only self-cells that can be attacked by NK cells are cells that: | Down-regulated MHC class I expression |
| Cytotoxicity mediated by CD8+ T cells is: | An MHC class I restricted phenomenon |
| Cytotoxic CD8+ cells contains granules with: | Perforin |
| Cytotoxic CD8+ cells can secrete: | IFN-γ and TNF-α |
| Cytotoxic CD8+ cells can induce apoptosis through: | Fas ligand |
| IFN-γ and TNF-α production by Cytotoxic CD8+ cells leads to: | Apoptosis of target cell |
| Natural Killer T cells are: | CD1d+ |
| How do B cells interact with the antigen? | B cell has no requirement for antigen processing and may directly recognize antigen |
| How many signals are necessary for the activation of B lymphocytes: | Three signals |
| The third signal of B lymphocyte activation consists of: | Costimulatory cytokine released by the Th cell |
| The result of B cell activation is: | Immunoglobulin class switch |
| Where is the site for B cell activation: | The lymph nodes |
| What is the name of the area of lymphoid tissue within which B lymphocytes reside? | Follicle |
| Which one is the activated follicle? | Secondary follicle |
| Which follicle has a germinal center? | Secondary follicle |
| Which one is the inactivated follicle: | Primary follicle |
| Where does negative selection of activated B cells carrying low affinity receptors takes place? | In the light zone of the secondary follicle |
| The heavy chain variable region is encoded by which segments: | Variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) region |
| The light chain variable region is encoded by which segments: | Variable (V) and joining (J) regions |
| Which type of antigen is faster at activating antigen specific B cells: | T independent antigen |
| 95. How many days it takes before specific antibodies are detected in the serum for a T independent antigen? | 2-7 days |
| How many days it takes before specific antibodies are detected in the serum for a T-dependent antigen? | 4-10 days |
| Which is the first class of antibody to appear in the serum during the primary immune response? | IgM |
| Which class of antibodies will primarily appear in the secondary immune response? | IgG |
| The primary immune response ends with the formation of: | Memory T and B cells |
| The secondary immune response: | Is more potent than the primary immune response |
