| is typically the first-line agent in the treatment of otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear). | Amoxicillin |
| a drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, has the propensity to cause skin rash. In some cases, this can lead to the potentially fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. Skin rash, then, needs to be monitored closely in these patients. | Lamotrigine |
| an atypical antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has the potential to cause substantial weight gain. It is also known to disfigure blood sugar and lipid profiles. | Olanzapine |
| Dehydration can elevate _ levels to dangerous levels. It is also associated with kidney injury and thyroid imbalances – closely monitoring is required in such cases | Lithium |
| is a beta-lactamase inhibitor, meaning it inhibits the enzyme responsible for breaking down antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring. | Clavulanic acid |
| The broad-spectrum antibacterial and is always co-administered with cilastatin. This is because , if administered on its own, is rapidly degraded by the renal enzyme dehydropeptidase 1; degradation that cilastatin helps to prevent. | imipenem |
| has the potential to cause movement disorders, particularly in patients under the age of 20, at high doses, or for those on prolonged therapy. | eugeroic drug |
| cause less sedation than their first-generation equivalents, not least due to less penetration through the blood-brain barrier. These medicines are used in the treatment of allergy and hay fever. | 2nd generation antihistamines – such as ✔fexofenadine,✔ acrivastine, ✔cetirizine ✔loratadine |
| are used in the treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. They work by agonising the serotonin receptors, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D – | sumatriptan and zolmitriptan. |
| two major classes of medicines used to treat Alzheimer’s disease | anticholinesterases and NMDA receptor antagonists. |
| Anticholinesterases include | donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine; |
| our sole NMDA receptor antagonist is | Memantine |
| used in the treatment of intermittent claudication; a condition characterised by muscle pain on mild walking and/or exercise and subsequently relieved by rest. It works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 3. | Cilostazol |
| known to cause a persistent, dry cough – thought by some to be caused by the accumulation of kinins in the lung. Patients are sometimes then switched to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) – though cough may persist | Ace inhibitors |
| an α2 receptor agonist, is a short-acting muscle relaxant used to treat spasms and cramps caused by a variety of disorders. It has been linked to elevated liver enzymes and/or liver damage. It is contraindicated for use with CYP1A2 inhibitors and with fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin | Tizanidine |
| fluvoxamine, amiodarone, verapamil, oral contraceptives, cimetidine FAVOCC | CYP1A2 inhibitors |
| causes depletion of glutathione, the compound responsible for ejecting toxic NAPQI. Acetylcysteine can be administered to replenish glutathione levels. | Paracetamol overdose |
| increases the risk of bleeding. This risk increases in those who are older, who drink alcohol, and who take other NSAIDs and/or blood thinners. It should be avoided in younger patients as it can cause the potentially fatal Reye syndrome. | Aspirin |
| associated with their own distinct range of potential side effects. These include blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, decreased sweating, dry mouth and difficulty urinating. | Drugs with anticholinergic properties (such as atropine and diphenhydramine |
| is a drug used in the treatment of obesity. It prevents fats from being absorbed (it is a lipase inhibitor). It is well-known for its gastrointestinal side effect profile, which includes steatorrhea (oily stools), flatulence, and fecal incontinence – side effects which subside with time. | Orlistat |
| is used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It works by inhibiting norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. Side effects include trouble sleeping, dry mouth, cough, decreased appetite, nausea, dizziness and drowsiness. | Atomoxetine |
| are drugs used to treat osteoporosis and other bone disorders. They work by encouraging osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) to undergo apoptosis. It should be taken in the morning, 30 minutes before food or other medicines, and with a full glass of water. | Oral bisphosphonates |
| (lipid lowering medicines) are associated with an increased risk of myopathies (muscle damage/pain) and, in some cases, can lead to the potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis. | Statins |
| used to treat different conditions at different doses. At lower doses the medicine can be used for chronic pain, whereas at higher doses the medicine is used to treat opioid addiction. It is a partial opioid receptor agonist. | Buprenorphine |
| inhibit the terminal step in stomach acid production, by irreversibly blocking the H+/K+-ATPase of gastric parietal cells. | Proton pump inhibitors |
| Examples of PPIs include | esomeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. |
| also inhibit acid production, though not at the terminal phase. . | H2 receptor antagonists |
| are longer-acting than cimetidine, with fewer adverse effects and fewer drug interactions | Famotidine and ranitidine |
| important, because this action helps to prevent local adverse effects such as hoarseness and thrush. | Mouth washing after inhaled corticosteroid |
| are associated with tooth discolouration (including in the fetus) and phototoxicity. Its absorption is impaired by drugs or foods containing magnesium, calcium, iron or aluminium ions. | Tetracycline |
| is a lipopeptide antibacterial that only treats Gram-positive infections. It is therefore used to treat skin and skin structure infections. It is only administered via the intravenous route. It works by disrupting cell membrane function. | Daptomycin |
| is an NSAID used in the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. Due to its side effect profile, it is only used short-term for around 5-days or less. | Ketorolac |
| are avoided in asthmatic patients as they have the potential to precipitate acute asthmatic attacks | Beta blockers |
| an atypical antipsychotic, should be taken with food to enhance bioavailability. Failure to do so results in loss of bioavailability by about half | Ziprasidone |
| is used as an antidote to heparin overdose/toxicity. | Protamine sulfate |
| is a medicine that enhances cognitive function – an example of which is methylphenidate (a drug used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy). | nootropic drug |
| is an anticonvulsant drug used to treat absence seizures. It is not used to treat other types of seizure such as tonic-clonic, partial or myoclonic. | Ethosuximide |
| three examples of drugs that can be used to treat hypertensive states during pregnancy. | Methyldopa, nifedipine and labetalol |
| a class of antibacterial drugs, are associated with an increased risk of tendon damage. Examples include ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin. | Fluoroquinolones |
| another class of antibacterial drugs, are associated with ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. | Aminoglycosides |
| Examples of an aminoglycoside | gentamicin and tobramycin |
| are known to cause black stools, which are harmless. They may also cause constipation and, in some cases, also cause diarrhea. | Iron supplements |
| is a short-acting β2-agonist; it therefore acts as a bronchodilator. Side effects include fast heart rate (tachycardia), tremors, headache, dizziness and anxiety. | Salbutamol |
| Constipation is a common side effect. particularly if the patient is taking the medicine long-term. | opioid analgesics |
| Example of an opioid analgesics | ✔Codeine✔morphine ✔oxycodone |
| are often necessary in patients with chronic kidney disease, whose levels can rise inextricably. | Phosphate binders |
| Examples of phosphate binders include | ✔sevelamer, ✔lanthanum ✔calcium acetate. |
| the first-line drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, | metformin |
| Long-term use and high dosing of metformin is linked to _malabsorption and its subsequent deficiency. | vitamin B12 |
| stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, causing constricted pinpoint pupils. This is a common identifier of opioid toxicity | Opioids |
| Example of opiods | ✔ fentanyl ✔morphine ✔heroin ✔oxycodone |
| is a dopamine agonist used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms and restless legs syndrome. | Pramipexole |
| Iron supplements interaction with Oral contraceptives . | ⬆️iron levels |
| iron supplements with proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists | ⬇️ iron levels |
| Iron supplements decrease the absorption of | ✔levothyroxine✔ quinolones✔tetracyclines ✔ ACE inhibitors |
| is used in the treatment of partial seizures and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. It is seldom used these days, though, as it’s associated with aplastic anemia and liver failure. | Felbamate |
| is used to treat osteoporosis in women who are at least 5 years past menopause. | Calcitonin |
| used as an appetite stimulant, thereby helping patients to gain weight. This may be necessary in patients with AIDS or who are receiving cancer chemotherapy (‘cachexia’ – wasting syndrome). It is also used in the treatment of breast and endometrial cancer. | Megestrol |
| An abortifacient drugs | ✔misoprostol ✔mifepristone ✔methotrexate is sometimes also used for this purpose. |
| is one of the main inhibitory neurotransmitters of the central nervous system. | Glycine |
| is one of the principal excitatory neurotransmitters of the CNS | Glutamate |
| is an antifolate drug used in the treatment of various cancers and autoimmune disorders. As an antifolate drug, it can cause folate deficiency. It also works as an immunosuppressant. Side effects include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, leukopenia, ulcerative stomatitis and hepatotoxicity. It is teratogenic | Methotrexate |
| Antidote for benzodiazepine toxicity | flumazenil |
| Antidote for beta blocker poisoning; | glucagon |
| Antidote for anticholinergic poisoning. | physostigmine |
| Antidote for warfarin poisoning; | phytomenadione (vitamin K) |
| drugs with a narrow therapeutic index include | warfarin, lithium and digoxin |
| is a potassium-sparing diuretic. It takes several days to take effect, because its MOA – that of inhibiting the effects of aldosterone by displacing it at mineralocorticoid receptors at the cortical collecting duct . Side effects include hyperkalemia, impotence, breast enlargement, nausea, rash, menstrual disturbances and urinary frequency. | Spironolactone |
| is a glycopeptide antibiotic that disrupts production of the bacterial cell wall. It can cause ‘red man syndrome’, a condition that often results if the medicine is administered too quickly. The syndrome is characterised by an upper body rash and facial flushing. | Vancomycin |
| A type of insulin that insulin aspart, insulin glulisine and insulin lispro belong ? | Short-acting analogues |
| What type of insulin an insulin glargine and insulin detemir belong? | Long-acting analogues |
| Insulin degludec is what type of analogue? | ultra-long-acting analogue |
| a drug used in the treatment of leprosy, is known to cause brown-pink discolouration of skin in most patients after a few weeks of use. This discolouration can take weeks or months to subside, even after discontinuation of the medicine. | Clofazimine |
| , an NSAID used in the treatment of pain and inflammation, is associated with an intermediate risk of stomach ulceration, | Naproxen |
| An NSAID drug that is low-risk of stomach ulceration . | ibuprofen |
| An NSAID drug that is high-risk of stomach ulceration . | indomethacin |
| is a mu-opioid receptor agonist used in the treatment of diarrhea. It is not recommended, however, in patients with high fever and/or blood in their stools. Constipation is a relatively common side effect. | Loperamide |
| is used in the treatment of tuberculosis, often in combination with other drugs. Side effects include peripheral neuropathy, elevated liver enzymes, reduced blood cell counts and pyridoxine deficiency (due to higher excretion of pyridoxine). | Isoniazid |
| What drug that inhibits an enzyme pyridoxine phosphokinase | INH |
| is a medicine available for topical use in the treatment of head lice and scabies. Side effects include mild skin irritation and burning. It works to paralyze the pest’s nervous system | Permethrin |
| is a chelating agent used in the treatment of Wilson’s disease (excess copper in the bloodstream). It is also used to chelate cystine in patients with cystinurea (predisposing the patient to cystine stones). Side effects include bone marrow suppression, taste distortion, anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea. | Penicillamine |
| is a drug used in the treatment of constipation. It is recommended to be taken at bedtime because it takes 6-12 hours to take effect. | Senna |
| is a corticosteroid used in the treatment of asthma, COPD and Crohn’s disease. It is contraindicated for use in status asthmaticus (acute asthmatic attack); it is only used in the chronic, long-term treatment of asthma and COPD. | Budesonide |
| is an α1-receptor agonist used as a decongestant. Side effects include elevated blood pressure. | Phenylephrine |
| is also a decongestant that acts through similar to phenylephrine | Pseudoephedrine |
| Sexual dysfunction is a side effect of medicines includes. | ✔SSRIs ✔SNRIs, ✔ some diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide),✔ some beta blockers (propranolol), ✔diphenhydramine. |
| an SSRI, is associated with greater incidence of psychiatric side effects and diarrhea when compared to other SSRIs. | Sertraline |
| antibiotics that can cause an imbalance in the colonic microbiota. This can lead to the overgrowth of certain bacteria, such as | ✔Clostridium difficile ✔difficile colitis |
| Mostly associated antibiotics can cause an imbalance in the colonic microbiota. | ✔ clindamycin✔ fluoroquinolone ✔ cephalosporin |
| is a loop diuretic used to treat edema (fluid build-up) in congestive heart failure, liver disease and kidney disease. Side effects include increased urination, hyperglycemia, ototoxicity (disputed), hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, and hypotension. | Furosemide |
| A Steroid medicines that can cause hyperglycemia, particularly with prolonged use – referred to as steroid-induced diabetes. This is because glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and oppose the effects of insulin. | ✔prednisolone ✔dexamethasone |
| alprazolam, oxazepam, midazolam and triazolam classified as ? (Tri-almidaox) | Short-acting benzodiazepines |
| flunitrazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam and temazepam classified as ? 4 syllables except flunitrazepam | Intermediate-acting benzodiazepines |
| diazepam, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide and flurazepam.(cdf +chlordiazepoxide) | Long-acting benzodiazepines |
| a protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV. The drug is not typically used for its inherent antiviral activity, but rather as a ‘booster’ for other protease inhibitors. This means that a lower dose of other protease inhibitors is permitted, meaning less adverse effects for affected patients. | Ritonavir |
| Protease inhibitors are also linked to _ a condition that leads to fat loss in the face, buttocks, arms and legs | HIV-associated lipodystrophy |
| redistribution of fat toward other parts of the body, such as the upper back is so-called | buffalo hump |
| Rifampicin | is an antibacterial drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis, leprosy and Legionnaire’s disease; it is known to cause bodily fluids – such as tears, sweat and urine – an orange-red color. This is a benign, harmless side effect. |
| Interferon beta-1a | is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. While the drug is not a cure for the disease, it does reduce the number of flare-ups. It works by dampening the immune system, specifically by reducing production of Th17 cells; a type of T-lymphocyte. |
| immunosuppressant drug and anticonvulsants | Gingival enlargement is linked to several drug and drug classes such as |
| ✔ciclosporin✔CCBs – such as nifedipine, amlodipine and verapamil | Gingival enlargement immunosuppressant drug includes |
| ✔ phenytoin ✔lamotrigine ✔ethosuximide✔ topiramate. | Gingival enlargement anticonvulsants drug includes |
| Finasteride | is a 5α-reductase inhibitor used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenic alopecia. It can take weeks, if not months, to take effect for BPH. Erectile dysfunction is a potential side effect. |
| ✔alcoholic drinks✔aged cheeses ✔meats, ✔liver✔ chocolate ✔ most other fermented foods. | Patients taking MAO inhibitors need to avoid tyramine in their diets. Failure to avoid tyramine may result in the potentially fatal hypertensive crisis. Tyramine is found in foods such as |
| Nitrofurantoin | is an antibacterial drug used in the treatment of bladder infections. It also has the potential to discolour urine brown, though this is harmless. It works by damaging bacteria DNA. |
| 5-HT3 antagonists | (often referred to as ‘setrons’) are used in the treatment and prevention of nausea and vomiting – particularly effective in treating nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. |
| ✔ondansetron ✔granisetron ✔palonosetron | 5HT3 antagonists include |
| Allopurinol | is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used in the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. It has the potential, more so than many other drugs, to cause the potentially fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. It can also suppress bone marrow, leading to conditions such as aplastic anemia. |
| Fludrocortisone | is a synthetic glucocorticoid with predominant mineralocorticoid activity. This means that the drug works to replace the natural hormone, aldosterone. As such, it is used to treat Addison’s disease (a condition where the adrenal glands insufficiently produce enough steroid hormones). |
| Fusidic acid | is used in the treatment of skin infections. As such, the drug only has activity against Gram-positive organisms. |
| Both gabapentin and pregabalin | are used to treat nerve pain and seizures; the precise mechanism of which is not yet fully understood. |
| Gabapentin | is used to treat restless legs syndrome and anxiety disorders |
| herpes simplex virus. | Cold sores are caused by the _. |
| docosonal topical | Various treatments for cold sores is _ drug that shortens healing time and the length of time symptoms remain. However, it works best when applied in the earlier stages of the cold sore infection. |
| Calamine | either a blend of zinc oxide with ferric oxide, or else a zinc carbonate compound – is a drug used in a lotion to treat itch, sunburn, rash, chickenpox and insect bites/stings. |
| Gastroparesis | – referring to delayed gastric emptying – often develops in diabetic patients; the condition being caused by damage to the vagus nerve. – can exacerbate this problem. |
| Anticholinergic medicines – such as diphenhydramine | condition being caused by damage to the vagus nerve. –what drugs can exacerbate this problem |
| fatigue, dizziness, hair loss, irritability, impaired immune function and restless legs syndrome & phagophagia | Symptoms of iron deficiency include |
| Pagophagia | , the compulsive desire to consume ice/iced drinks, has also been linked to iron deficiency anemia. Iron supplements have also been shown to reduce this desire. |
| Propofol | is a short-acting anaesthetic – used to commence and maintain general anaesthesia, sedation in mechanically ventilated patients, and in procedural sedation. It is administered intravenously and takes 2 minutes to reach maximum effect. It works by potentiating GABAA activity and by blocking sodium channels. |
| albendazole, levamisole, mebendazole, niclosamide, praziquantel and pyrantel | The following drugs are used as intestinal antihelminthics – |
| Sofosbuvir | is used in the treatment of hepatitis C; a drug with a higher cure rate and one associated with less side effects when compared to other hepatitis C drugs, such as peginterferon. |
| amiodarone | It is often combined with other drugs, such as ledipasvir; though combined sofosbuvir medicines should not be administered with _ due to the risk of abnormally slow heartbeats (bradycardia). It works by inhibiting the hepatitis C protein, NS5B. |
| Betamethasone | is a steroid medicine used to treat rheumatic disorders, psoriasis, and allergic conditions. It is also used to stimulate fetal lung maturity in preterm labor. |
| codeine, pholcodine and dextromethorphan | Antitussive drugs are medicines used to suppress cough, examples of which include . |
| Orexigenic drugs | are drugs that stimulate appetite, examples of which include olanzapine, prednisolone, haloperidol and sulphonylureas |
| olanzapine, prednisolone, haloperidol and sulphonylureas | Orexigenic drugs |
| Azole antifungal drugs | – work by inhibiting the enzyme, lanosterol-14α-demethylase, the enzyme responsible for converting lanosterol into ergosterol. |
| Ergosterol | is needed for the structural integrity of the cell membranes of fungi. |
| ketoconazole, clotrimazole and fluconazole | Antifungal drugs |
| Extrapyramidal sx | include dystonia (spasms/muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), Parkinsonism (rigidity), tardive dyskinesia (jerky, irregular movements) and tremor. |
| Extrapyramidal symptoms are caused by typical antipsychotic drugs (eg. _) that antagonise the D2 receptor subtype. Other drugs, such as _ and antidepressants (long-term), can also cause these symptoms. | haloperidol, metoclopramide |
| is a selective D2 receptor antagonist. It’s used as an antiemetic and gastroprokinetic agent. | Domperidone |
| Other gastroprokinetic agents include | erythromycin and metoclopramide. |
| There are two main types of heparin: | unfractionated heparin and (LMWH). |
| Heparin: Examples of the latter include _. They are anticoagulant medicines used to treat and prevent DVT, pulmonary embolism and arterial thromboembolism. Potential side effects include injection site pain, bleeding and thrombocytopenia. | enoxaparin and dalteparin |
| is an anticoagulant drug that works by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X. Risk of clotting increases during initial phase of therapy due to a variety of bodily adjustment effects. | Warfarin |
| used in the treatment of alcoholism. It prevents the removal of the toxic acetaldehyde, meaning the patient experiences severe effects when more alcohol is consumed. | disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone. Disulfiram |
| Diarrhea is the most common side effect of a drug for alcoholism | acamprosate. |
| it works by decreasing cravings for alcohol. | Naltrexone |
| is an angiogenesis inhibitor, meaning that it slows the growth of new blood vessels. It blocks angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). It is used to treat various types of cancer – such as colon cancer, lung cancer, renal cancers and glioblastoma multiforme. | Bevacizumab |
| is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. It is bactericidal and has broad-spectrum activity. It works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis – specifically by inactivating the MurA enzyme (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-3-enolpyruvyltransferase) – the enzyme needed to catalyse peptidoglycan synthesis. | Fosfomycin |
| belongs to the lincosamide antibacterial drug class. It works as a protein synthesis inhibitor – through reversible binding to the 50S rRNA of the bacterial ribosome (bacteriostatic). It substantially increases the risk of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile | Clindamycin |
| is a topical antibacterial drug used to treat skin infections such as impetigo or folliculitis. It should not be used for more than 10 days. It works as a protein synthesis inhibitor through its binding to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase in Gram-positive organisms. | Mupirocin |
| is used in creams , ointments for the topical treatment of Gram-positive infections.It works as a protein synthesis inhibitor – preventing turnover of elongation factor G from the ribosome. It is bacteriostatic in effect. | Fusidic acid |
| has adverse effects which include metallic taste, disulfiram-like reaction when taken with alcohol and gastrointestinal upset. When used at high-doses for prolonged periods, It is linked to neurological effects such as peripheral / optic neuropathies, seizures and encephalopathy. | Metronidazole |
| Metronidazole is used to treat infections caused by anaerobic organisms. It works by producing a nitroso free radical that binds to DNA and causes its degradation and cell death. | Metronidazole |
| is known to discolor skin a brown-pink color – which may last for many months post-treatment. | Clofazimine |
| is known to cause agranulocytosis and hemolysis. A small number of patients’ experience liver inflammation. | Dapsone |
| are antibacterial drugs used to treat leprosy | Clofazimine, dapsone and rifampicin |
| is linked to red-green color blindness, optic neuritis and kidney damage. | Ethambutol |
| anti TB drug that is linked to peripheral neuropathy and hepatotoxicity. | Isoniazid |
| causes red-orange sweat, urine and tears – and it, too, is also linked to hepatotoxicity. | Rifampicin |
| Taking trimethoprim with other folate antagonists – such as phenytoin or methotrexate – increases | the risk of hematological adverse effects. |
| Taking trimethoprim with ACE inhibitors, potassium supplements or aldosterone antagonists (for example – spironolactone) increases | the risk of hyperkalemia. |
| Side effects with _ include nausea, taste disturbances, hyperkalemia and hematological disorders – such as megaloblastic anemia – because it works as a folate antagonist. | trimethoprim |
| It is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. It may also be combined with sulfamethoxazole (Co-Trimoxazole) to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with HIV/AIDS. | Trimethoprim |
| Side effects with _ include headache, diarrhea, rash and nausea. As it is a weak MAO inhibitor | linezolid |
| it increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. It can also cause high lactate levels, bone marrow suppression and nerve damage, including optic nerve damage. | linezolid |
| is a protein synthesis inhibitor used to treat serious Gram-positive infections. it belongs to the oxazolidinone class of antibacterial drugs. | Linezolid |
| Risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity increases when vancomycin is taken alongside | aminoglycosides, loop diuretics or ciclosporin. |
| Side effects include thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome (upper body rash), nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity | vancomycin |
| works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis of Gram-positive organisms. It belongs to the glycopeptide class of antibacterial drugs. | Vancomycin |
| glycopeptide class | Teicoplanin |
| is a third-generation cephalosporin which, unlike other third-generation drugs, has activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. it is combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitor, | Cefoperazone |
| Cephalosporins do not have activity against _However, fifth-generation drugs , such as ceftobiprole, are an exception as they do have activity against MRSA. | LAME organisms – Listeria, Atypicals (such as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia), MRSA and Enterococci. |
| As with penicillins, cephalosporins work as cell wall synthesis inhibitors. They also contain a beta-lactam ring that prevents peptidoglycan cross-linkage and therefore causes a disruption in the _ leading to cell lysis and death. | osmotic gradient |
| As a rule – earlier cephalosporin generations have greater activity against Gram-positive organisms than later | True |
| later cephalosporin generations have greater Gram-negative coverage | True |
| Ciprofloxacin is effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas _and_ are not. | moxifloxacin and levofloxacin |
| Prednisolone increases the risk of tendon rupture with . | quinolones |
| NSAIDs increase the risk of . | seizures |
| Drugs that prolong the QT interval that should be used with caution. | antipsychotics, SSRIs, amiodarone, macrolides |
| Fluoroquinolones should be used with caution in those who are developing due to _, in those at risk of seizures or in cases where risk factors exist for QT prolongation (for example – electrolyte imbalance or cardiovascular disease). | the risk of arthropathy |
| Side effects include gastrointestinal upset, hypersensitivity reactions, lowering of the seizure threshold, QT prolongation, tendon rupture/damage and Clostridium difficile | fluoroquinolones |
| Fluoroquinolones are particularly effective against | aerobic, Gram-negative organisms |
| Fluoroquinolones – whose members include ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin – work as . | DNA synthesis inhibitors |
| They inhibit DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase _ inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. | II or IV enzyme |
| Later fluoroquinolones – such as_ are more selective for the topoisomerase IV enzyme | levofloxacin and moxifloxacin |
| Penicillins reduce the renal elimination of _, increasing the risk of its toxicity | methotrexate |
| Clavulanic acid is taken with | amoxicillin or ticarcillin. |
| sulbactam is taken with | ampicillin or the cephalosporin, cefoperazone. |
| Tazobactam is taken with the | antipseudomonal piperacillin. |
| are broad-spectrum penicillins. | Amoxicillin and ampicillin |
| is penicillinase-resistant – meaning it is effective against beta-lactamase producing staphylococci. | Flucloxacillin |
| is an antipseudomonal penicillin . | Piperacillin |
| Narrow spectrum penicillins include | benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin |
| work by inhibiting enzymes involved in peptidoglycan cross-linkage – weakening the cell wall and preventing the maintenance of an osmotic gradient. | Penicillins |
| . The_ is a fundamental structural component of penicillins that accounts for their therapeutic activity | beta-lactam ring |
| is always co-administered alongside cilastatin. | Imipenem |
| is used to prevent the degradation of imipenem by the renal enzyme dehydropeptidase 1. | Cilastatin |
| Drugs that work as cell wall synthesis inhibitors include | penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides (for example – vancomycin) and carbapenems (for example – imipenem). |
| Because aminoglycosides are _, they cannot cross lipid membranes and so cannot be administered orally. They must be administered via the parenteral route. | highly polarised |
| aminoglycosides when taken with loop diuretics or vancomycin.increases the risk of? | Ototoxicity risk |
| when taken with cephalosporins, ciclosporin, platinum chemotherapy or vancomycin. increases risk of? | Risk of nephrotoxicity |
| work as protein synthesis inhibitors – binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit to prevent tRNA binding to messenger RNA – thereby preventing the addition of new amino acids to the polypeptide chain. | Tetracyclines |
| Side effects include photosensitivity, esophageal irritation and tooth discoloration / hypoplasia of dental enamel. | tetracyclines |
| Tetracyclines bind to divalent ions, such as _. For this reason, tetracyclines should not be taken within 2 hours | magnesium and calcium ion & iron supplementation |
| enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by lasting waste to colonic gut flora that ordinarily synthesise vitamin K. | Antibacterial drugs |
| used in the treatment of urinary tract infections; a drug which, in its reduced form as nitrofuran reductase, works by damaging bacterial DNA to cause cell death (a bactericidal effect | Nitrofurantoin |
