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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
the pacemaker of the heart	sinoatrail node (SA)
slows the conduction rate to allow for complete contraction	atrioventricular node (AV)
increases the conduction velocity and relays the impulses through to the ventricles	atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
relays conduction into the right and left ventricles	right and lefts bundle branches
the subendocardial branches of the bundle branches, conduct impulses throughout both ventricles so they contract simultaneously and in synchrony	purkinje fibres
unique gap junctions in cardiac muscle. allow for fast synchronised contraction of cardiac muscle	intercalated discs
an action potential of a membrane to become positive and create an electrical impulse that causes a mechanical action of contraction (systole)	depolarise
the negative state of a membrane that follows the depolarisation phase of an action potential of a membrane, rest phase (diastole)	repolarise
heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers	systole
heart relaxes and widens between contractions to allow chambers time to fill with blood	diastole
sounds on auscultation, the first hear sound, generated by closure of the AV valves = S1	lub
heart sounds on auscultation. the second heart sound, generated by the closure of the SL valves = S2	dub
an abnormal heart sound, often a 'swishing' sound due to increase turbulence around a valve due to either an incompetent valve or a stenotic valve.	murmur
valve that does not function properly, due to either non closure (floppy valve) or inability of blood to go through (stenotic valve)	incompetent valve
narrowing of a heart valve, resulting in inability of blood to be pushed through	stenotic valve
heart beating to fast, over 100 bpm	tachycardia
heart beating to slow, under 60 bpm	bradycardia
60-100 bpm	resting adult heart rate