| what is in a RNA nucleotide | phosphate group, sugar, organic base |
| what is 2 RNA nucleotides called | dinucleotide, bond formed between the above sugar and below phosphate group |
| how are these things combined | by condensation reaction, strong covalent bond (phosphodiester bond) |
| what does the continuued linking of nucleotide form | polynucleotide such as RNA |
| what is RNA (Ribonucleic acid) | polymer made up of repeating nucleotide sub units |
| explain ribonucleic acid (RNA) | forms a single strand in which the pentose sugar is always ribose and the organic bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil |
| what are the 3 types of RNA which are important in protein synthesis | ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Explain mRNA pt1. | single stranded molecule, composed of a chain of thousands of RNA nucleotides. |
| Explain mRNA pt2 | each nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a ribose sugar and one of 4 bases - (cytosal, uracil, adenine or guanine) |
| explain mRNA pt3 | each RNA nucleotide is joined to the next via a condensation reaction to form a ribose (sugar) - phospate backbone |
| what is the base sequence of a mRNA molecule determined by | the sequence of bases in the length of DNA (genes) in a process named transcription, different genes have different sequence lengthes. |
| how is mRNA's structure suited for protein synthesis | because it possesses the correct sequence of triplets that allow the production of specific polypeptides. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) structure | phhosphorylated nucleotide made up of an adenine molecule, a ribose molecule and 3 phosphate molecules |
| deoxyribonucliec acid (DNA) basic structure pt1 | made up of 2 nucleotide polymer strands. In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose and the organic bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. |
| deoxyribonucliec acid (DNA) basic structure pt2 | each of the 2 polynucleotide strands are extermely long. wound around one another to form a double helix |
| DNA structure pt1 | for each strand of the DNA double helix, the deoxyribose sugars and phosphates alternate to form a strong sugar - phosphate backbone |
| DNA backbone 'direction' | the backbone has a 'direction'. One end of the sugar backbone is designated 5' and the other 3'. they refer to the carbon atoms of the deoxyribose sugars at either end of the strand |
| DNA antiparallel | the 2 strands are antiparallel. they are the same distance apart but one strand runs in a 5' to 3' directions and the other in a 3' to 5' direction |
| how are the DNA strands held together | by hydrogen bonding between precise pairings of the bases pairs between the 2 strands. |
| base pairs in DNA | each base pair consists of a purine and a pyrimidine, so that all the base pairs are all the same length |
| base pairs PT1 | Anine (A) always pairs with thymine (T) by means up 2 hydrogen bonds |
| Base pairs PT2 | Guanine (G) always pairs with (C) by means of 3 hydrogen bonds |
| what is the precise pairing of bases called? | complementary base pairing |
| what base pair is stronger? | G and C is stronger than A and t, due to having 3 hydrogen bonds whereas A and T have only 2 hydrogen bonds |
| DNA function 1 | the hydrogen bonds can be broken due to replication to form messenger RNA during protein synthesis |
