| how are signals transmitted between cells? | stimulus - receptor - effector-response |
| what is process of receptor - effector | where the signal is transmitted, could be a hormone, neurotransmitter, electrical impulse, cell - cell contact (we see this when an embryo is developing), or could be combination of these |
| what happns if a lipid base signiling molecule comes into contact with the phospholipid bi layer | its able to pass through the phospholipid membrane and into the cell, any hydrophobic signilaing molecule can do that |
| normal signiling molecule binding with receptor molecule | unable to pass through, need to bind with a receptor molecule, the signilaing molecule can only bind to it if the receptor molecule is specific receptor |
| what happens when a signiling molecule (ligand) binds to a receptor molecule | it triggers changes inside the cell |
| what are the changes that the signiling molecule produces once it binds with the receptor molecule | the receptor molecule will change shape in some way, this triggers activation of G protein, which signial to another protein in the cell surface membrane (enzyme) causes the enzyme to make second messengers. 1 g protein causes a lot of second messengers --> we call this amplification |
| describe the role of second messengers | they are also signiling molecules but inside the cell, spread throughout the cell to activate enzymes, to activate other enzymes, which activates other enzymes. this whole process from the production of secondary messengers is called signalling cascade |
| what happens at the end of the signalling cascade | will end up with the enzymes making some kind of response, could be the secretion of substance of anything, will cause a metabolic change |
