| Channel protein characteristics | Channel proteins have specific shape, so the ion that enters has to be the perfect size |
| How is water potential measured | pressure, usually kPa, represented by greek letter psi (the trident) |
| how does water pass through cell membrane | aquaporin |
| what is Concentration gradient | Difference in concentration |
| what is Facilitated diffusion | Passive transport with help of transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) |
| osmosis | net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to region of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane |
| Water potential of pure water (25C, 100kPa) | 0 psi |
| hypotonic solution | Low solute concentration, higher water potential |
| Area where diffusion takes place | Surface area |
| factors for diffusion | Temperature
Surface area
Concentration gradient
Diffusion distance |
| Dynamic equilibrium | All particles are spread out and individual particles are constantly changing |
| Active vs passive transport | Active: needs ATP, against concentration gradient, needs carrier or transport protein
Passive: No ATP, down a concentration gradient |
| Hypertonic solution | high solute concentraton, lower water postenial |
| Isotonic solution | Solution with the same water potential and solute concentration. |
| lysis | animal cell bursts due to too much water inside |
| protoplast | plant cell without cell wall |
| incipient plasmolysis | protoplast begins to move away from cell wall, happens when cell is not turgid. Used to be called flaccid |
| plasmolysied | protoplast shrinks away from cell wall |
| Define Dialysis Tubing/Visking tube and experiments linked to it | Partially permeable membrane, used to simulate osmosis.
Glucose-starch solution in tube, put into distilled water. It gets bigger because water moves in by osmosis |
| Active transport | Needs ATP, against concentration gradient, need carrier/transport protein
ATP changes the shape of carrier protein to allow ions to move in particular directions |
| Difference between Facilitated diffusion with carrier protein and Active transport | Active Transport moves against concentration gradient and requires ATP |
| What protein is needed for osmosis | Aquaporin |
| Endocytosis and types of endocytosis | Bring molecules into cell via infolding of cell surface membrane to form vesicles. Requires ATP
Phagocytosis- solid material
Pinocytosis- liquid material |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles move towards cell surface membrane, fuses with cell surface membrane, and release the molecules. Requires ATP |
| Carrier protein characteristics | Carrier proteins are have specific binding sites for specific molecule. |
