| What are some arguments for Christianity and modern science? | God is rational, nature is intelligible, actions provoke reactions, God is the ultimate lawgiver, nature is real, nature is worthy of attention, and the universe is orderly. |
| What is meant by the phrase nature is intelligible? | It can be comprehended by reasoning about observation and experimentation. |
| What is meant by the phrase actions provoke reactions? | Cause and effect relationship |
| What is meant by nature is worthy of attention? | Nature is good because the Creator said so |
| What is meant by the phrase the universe is orderly? | Precise calculations accurately and objectively predict many phenomena. |
| Why is it important to talk about scientific assumptions? | It gives choices of issues to be researched. |
| What are the types of assumptions? | Pseudo-scientific, scientific, and meta-scientific. |
| What are examples psuedo-scientific assumptions? | Spiritism, astrology, and parapsychology (telepathic communication). |
| What are examples of scientific assumptions? | Reasoning vs Rationalism |
| Arguments for reasoning? | Separate from experience (innate and immutable), sometimes superior to experience and universally shared. |
| Arguments for rationalism | Dualism, knowledge is obtained by reasoning |
| Who is associated with rationalism? | Rene Descartes |
| Who is associated with empircism? | Francis Bacon |
| Who is associated with empircism, specifically admitted intutition? | John Locke |
| What is empiricism? | Admitted intuition, perception of how some ideas may or may not agree between them (ex: existence of God). |
| How is knowledge obtained? | Through experience and sensation and perception.8 |
| Characteristics of experience? | Direct or indirect source of all knowledge, mind or spirit has no independent activity (we are our body), and valid knowledge can only be obtained by observation and control of the observed phenomena. |
| What are examples of meta-scientific assumptions? | Reductionism, pragmatism, relativism, and positivism/materialism and sceintism. |
| What is reductionism? | The assumption that explanations can be reduced to one dimension |
| Who is associated with pragmatism and what is it? | William James; practical application (what is this for?). |
| Who is associated with relativism and what is it? | Bauch de Spinoza, idea that things are relative, cannot divide something without relating it something else. |
| Who is associated with positivism/materialism and what is it? | Auguste Lomte; idea that only physical phenomena are real, things that are actually physically there. |
| Who is associated with scientism and what is it? | Richard Dawkins; special type of knowledge, exceptional implies measurement, quantification and control, supports scientific community |
| What are the 5 ways of acquiring knowledge? | Tenacity, authority, intuition, casual observation, and reasoning (deductive and inductive). |
| What is tenacity? | resistance to oppositional povs |
| Characteristics of authority and knowledge | people are weary that people will abuse their power |
| intuition and knowledge | idea that concpets, beliefs, and morals surface intuitively |
| casual observation | Knowledge based on observations without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of observations. (anytime there is an accident there is police) |
| Deductive reasoning | reason with arguments |
| inductive reasoning | evidence of abscence |
| Characteristics of science | assuming lawfulness of events, empirical, control, objectivity, and self-correction |
| assuming lawfulness of events and science | determination vs free will (freud), enviornment determines who you are (skinner), and every person is unique no law about you (Maslow) |
| Empirical and science | direct assessment (cameras, 2 way glass), use data when asking and answering empirical questions |
| Control and science | deliberitally and systematically controlled, conditions are free of unwanted or extraneuous influence |
| objectivity and science | apply rational thought and logical statements, collect data impartially |
| self correction and science | most salient characteristics (birth order) |
| What are the 5 steps to perform scientific research? | Identify ideas to test, design scientific test procedures, observe and collect data, analyze and intepret data, and communicate the results |
| what are the goals of science | description, prediction, determining causes, and explaining |
| What is description in science | used to detail or categorize events, helps generate hypothesis, cannot draw cause effect conclusions, and conclusions are descriptions |
| prediction in science | relationships, hypothesis, there is a relationship between the variables, can only state whether a relationship exists between variables |
| determining causes in science | cause precedes effect and variables change together systematically (co-vary) |
| key features of an experiment | manipulation of an independent variable, control (condition or procedures), eliminating confounding variables, random assignments of participants to groups |
| explaining in science | once causes are determined, questions remain (how many causes are involved in a behavior) |
| what are the types of literature | general, scholarly, secondary, primary |
| General source | for general public, written by professional writers in well-known sources (magazine), little referencing of sources, and lots of general advertising |
| Scholarly source | for professionals and students, written by experts or researchers, cite references, and little or not general advertising in the source, peer reviewed |
| secondary source | secondhand information, usually bases on the primary source |
| primary source | original, firsthand account of an idea or research finding (journal, article) |
| NASW general ethic principles | ideals to which all social workers should aspire |
| NASW general ethical standards | ethical standards and guidelines for conduct that can be enforced |
| What are the 6 NASW Core Values? | service, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationship, integrity, and competence |
| Service | social worker's primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems |
| social justice | Social workers challenge social injustice |
| dignity and worth of the person | Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person |
| importance of human relationships | Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships |
| integrity | social workers behave in a trustworthy manner |
| competence | Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise |
| IRB | perform risk-benefit analysis, strive for minimal risk |
| Major ethical issues | informed consent, privacy, ethics in reporting |
| Types of variables | quantitative, qualitative, discrete, continous |
| quantitative varible | numerical or can easily be converted to numerical form |
| qualitative variable | usually narrative in nature- listen to someone's story |
| discrete variable | represented by whole numbers or categories, independent units or objects |
| continous variables | represented by a continuum (weight, height) |
| 4 types of scales of measurement | nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio |
| nominal scale | "just a name, not a number" (family)
basic level, numbers represent qualitative differences, not intended for numerical calculations only to classify data |
| Ordinal scale | a scale of measurement in which the measurement categories form a rank order along a continuum |
| interval scale | a scale of measurement in which the intervals between numbers on the scale are all equal in size
do not have true zeros (temp.) |
| Ratio scale | has true zero, ratio comparisons can be made, appropriate stats (mean, medium, mode, standard deviation, etc) |
