| Internal resistance is caused by electrons colliding with atoms inside the battery, resulting in energy loss before the electrons leave the battery. It is represented as a small resistor inside the battery. | Internal Resistance (r) |
| What causes internal resistance in a battery? | Internal resistance is caused by electrons colliding with atoms inside the battery, leading to energy loss. |
| Electromotive force (emf) is the energy transferred by a cell per coulomb of charge that passes through it, represented as: ε = E/Q | Electromotive Force (emf) |
| How is emf defined? | Electromotive force (emf) is the energy transferred by a cell per coulomb of charge, expressed as: ε = E/Q |
| The total resistance (R_T) in the circuit is the sum of the load resistance (R) and internal resistance (r) of the battery: R_t = R + r | Total Resistance (R_T) |
| How is total resistance (R_T) in a circuit calculated? | The total resistance (R_T) is calculated as: R_t = R + r |
| The relationship between emf (ε), current (I), and total resistance is given by: ε = I(R + r) | Relationship Between emf, Current, and Resistance |
| How is emf expressed in relation to current and resistance? | Electromotive force (emf) can be expressed as: ε = I(R + r) |
| The potential difference (p.d) across the load resistor R is known as the terminal p.d (V). | Terminal p.d (V) |
| What is the terminal p.d? | The terminal p.d is the potential difference across the load resistor R. |
| The potential difference across the internal resistance r is known as lost volts (v), which represents the energy wasted by the cell per coulomb of charge. | Lost Volts (v) |
| What are lost volts? | Lost volts (v) is the potential difference across the internal resistance r, indicating the energy wasted by the cell per coulomb of charge. |
| The relationship between emf (ε), terminal p.d (V), and lost volts (v) is expressed as: ε = V + v | Relationship of emf to Terminal p.d and Lost Volts |
| How can emf be expressed in terms of terminal p.d and lost volts? | Electromotive force (emf) can be expressed as: ε = V + v |
| The emf of a battery can be measured by measuring the voltage across a cell using a voltmeter when there is no current running through the cell, indicating it is in an open circuit. | Electromotive Force (emf) |
| How can the emf of a battery be measured? | By measuring the voltage across a cell using a voltmeter when there is no current running through the cell. |
| The lost volts are the potential difference lost due to internal resistance in the battery, represented as Ir. | Lost Volts |
| If a cell has an emf of 5 V and the value of lost volts is 2 V, what is the current of the resistor? | First, write down what you know. Lost volts = Ir = 2V, Emf = 5V. Next, find the p.d across R using ε = IR + Ir. 5 = IR + 2, IR = 3V. Using V = IR, find the current. 3 = I x 10, I = 0.3. Therefore, I is 0.3 A. |
| The sum of the potential differences across the resistances in a circuit. | Terminal Potential Difference (p.d) |
| For a cell with an emf of 10 V, a current of 2 A, R1 = 3 Ω, and R2 = 0.5 Ω, how do you find the terminal p.d? | Calculate V1 = I × R1 = 2 × 3 = 6 V and V2 = I × R2 = 2 × 0.5 = 1 V. Thus, the total terminal p.d is 7 V. |
| The lost volts can be found using the formula ε = V + v. | Lost Volts Calculation Definition |
| If the emf is 10 V and the terminal p.d is 7 V, what is the value of lost volts (v)? | From the equation 10 = 7 + v, we find v = 3 V. |
| The internal resistance (r) of the cell can be calculated using the formula v = Ir. | Internal Resistance |
| Given a current of 2 A and lost volts of 3 V, what is the internal resistance of the cell? | Rearranging the formula gives r = v/I = 3/2 = 1.5 Ω. |
