| What's brain drain | Urban migration as affected by rural development |
| What's brain drain | Urban migration as affected by rural development |
| What is the river that flows from Nicaragua through Costa Rica to the Caribbean? | Sarapigui |
| The cool and wet of the climate are prime for what on the plants? | Fungal diseases and problems |
| We're living on the line between two volcanoes. What is the environmental term for the line? | Continental divide. Runs E to W in Costa Rica and divides the watershed. |
| What are the two bodies of water where the water drains to in Costa Rica | The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean |
| What is sustainable agriculture | sustainable food production |
| What are the two astronomical tropics? | tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn |
| The ecological definition of tropical | location where freezing temperatures never occur |
| The ecological definition of sub-tropical | location where freezing temperatures rarely occur |
| The ecological definition of temperate | location where freezing temperatures occur naturally |
| What is agriculture according to the Oxford definition | Science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing or animals to provide animals |
| What is the definition of agriculture in an ecological context | A simplified ecosystem organized and managed to produce one or more products for human use |
| What is the purpose of integrated pest management | Effectively reducing pest populations while minimizing human health and environmental hazards |
| What are r-selection species | organisms that tend to have shorter lives, many offspring, and high dispersal |
| What are k-selection species | organisms that have long lives, with fewer offspring, more parental investment, and limited dispersal capability |
| What is required to start sustainable agriculture | Knowing your environment, climate, temperature, water availability, and soil conditions |
| How does mulch benefit agricultural practices? | mulch can smother weeds, conserve soil moisture, stimulate fungi, repel insects, and increase photosynthesis |
| What are the advantages of using mulch in agriculture? | smothering weeds, conserving soil moisture, and stimulating beneficial fungi |
| What are the disadvantages of using mulches in agriculture | high carbon content can tie up nitrogen, potential habitat for rodents, disposal issues with plastic mulches |
| What is the Green Revolution | a period of agricultural transformation involving high-yield crops and advanced techniques |
| Who developed the Green Revolution | Norman Borlaug developed successful generations with disease resistance, adaptation to conditions, and high yield potentials |
| What are some problems associated with high nitrogen fertilization rates? | increased plant disease, nitrates in drinking water, high energy costs, soil acidification, and environmental pollution like eutrophication |
| What role do mycorrhizal fungi play in agriculture | they form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping plants access nutrients from the soil, and can provide against pathogens |
| What are the key macronutrients required by plants? | Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, and magnesium |
| Which family has a high calcium requirement | The Solanaceae family, night shade |
| What is a major sustainability issue related to phosphorus in agriculture? | The limited availability of phosphorus-rich sources and the need for sustainable management of phosphorus supplies |
| What is the nutrient access concept proposed by Roland Bunch and Ana Primavesi | it emphasizes the balance, accessibility, and constancy of nutrients in the soil to maximize biomass and biodiversity while minimizing tillage |
| How does 'Farming God's Way' combine ecological and spiritual principles in agriculture? | By integrating ecological insights like minimal tillage and soil protection with biblical teachings, emphasizing the importance of soil fertility, hard work, and generosity. |
| What are the three different factors that determine different types of ecosystems | climate, soils, and disturbance history |
| What are some factors that determine climate | latitude and altitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents, and extreme events |
| What are the names of the two volcanoes we live next to? | Barva and Poas |
| What are convection currents | The circulation of air in earth's atmospheric cells caused by unequal heating of the earth by the sun |
| What are the three types of atmospheric cells | Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells |
| How do atmospheric cells circulate? | Warm air rises, cool air condenses, and falls as precipitation |
| What are the ocean currents driven by | convection |
| How do convection currents circulate? | clockwise: N of the equator
counter-clockwise: S of the equator |
| The definition of climate | the average weather in a location |
| What are examples of extreme events | fires, storms, freezes, droughts, unusual temperatures |
| What climate factors affect plant growth | temperature, precipitation, and seasonality |
| What are the three major soil orders in Costa Rica | andisols, oxisols, and ultisols |
| What are the nine kids of tropical ecosystems | tropical rainforest, seasonal tropical rainforest, dry forest, conifer, forest, cloud forest, tropical alpine shrubland, tropical alpine grassland, desert, and wetlands |
| What makes a savanna or seasonal dry forest | Less rain annually with distinct rainy and dry seasons |
| What are tropical cloud forests | relative humidity at 100, low light conditions, continuous soil saturation, and slow plant growth |
| List the three aquatic tropical ecosystems | mangrove swamps, sea grass, and coral reefs |
| What's brain drain | Urban migration as affected by rural development |
| What is the STAD definition of agriculture | simplified ecosystem organized and managed to produce one or more products for human use |
| what is an atmospheric element plants can't use | N2 |
| What is fertigation | the action of fertilizing and irrigating at the same time |
| What is artificial selection | the practice of humans deciding which organisms survive and reproduce |
| What would happen if the same original kind of plant was bred in different ways | genes assort randomly and create different outcomes |
| What are the big 4 GMO crops | Soy, corn, cotton, and canola |
| What is BT | Bacillus thuringiensis |
| What is a BT crop | insert the genes for a protein found in a soil bacteria, when you insert it can build its own anti-insect property reducing pesticide use |
| What is grafting | a root stalk is cut and bound so that the xylem and phloem of the rootstock will grow into the scion |
| What is a land race? | a traditionally cultivated variety in a particular location or region |
| What are refuges in the context of planting fields | refuges allow some non-resistant insects to survive to dilute resistance |
| What are cultivars | cultivated for variety in specified spot for desired traits that are retained after propagation |
| Every generation that breeds, BLANK reduces by 50% | heterozygosity |
| How does one create inbred lines | they are created by crossing |
| What is the above-ground part of the plant called | shoot |
| Explain the stolen | the above-ground stem tissue that grows from a parent plant to make another plant |
| What are rhizome roots | below the ground tissue |
| Explain adventitious roots | they grow off of the stem tissue. Roots from the stolen plant (not true roots) |
| What is the parasite that eats roots | Phylloxera |
| (T/F) you can graft one plant onto another to make multiple varieties of 1 fruit family (ex: citrus) grow on the same tree | True |
| What is the unorganized growth of plant cells | callus |
| What is the area of one hectare? | 100m x 100m |
| What has each technological or cultural revolution done for the carrying capacity (K) for the human population | They have increased it, however, when the innovations are not sustainable it can cause a decrease |
| What does intercropping and rotation do for crops | reduces pest problems |
| List the micronutrients required for plants | Fe, Mo, B, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cl |
| What are carbohydrates made of? | C,H, and O from water and carbon dioxide |
| What is lodging | The process of the plant becoming too large and heavy, causing the additional weight of the seed to cause the plant to fall over |
| Who was the second largest wheat producer in the world by 2000? | India |
| What are the three common contemporary nitrogen sources for agriculture today | green manure/ cover crops, animal manure/ night soil/ sewage sludge, and synthetic nitrogen/ mined nitrogen |
| What is green manure? | crops grown specifically for building and maintaining soil fertility and structure |
| What is a cover crop | any crop grown to cover the soil and may be incorporated into the soil later for enrichment |
| What are the two big seed companies | Monsanto and Bayer |
| Does nitrogen fertilizer acidify the soil | yes |
| What is triple-superphosphate | Phosphate rock that is treated with phosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid. It produces as much 48% phosphate |
| What is soil erosion associated with | soil erosion is strongly associated with completely cleared ground |
| Why is the riparian zone important for protection associated with completely cleared ground | it prevents watershed contamination from runoff and prevents short erosion from floods originating upstream |
| What are some soil erosion factors | wind (windstorms), rain (depending on drop size), the slope angle and vegetation |
| What is the difference between intercropping and rotation | intercropping: diversity in space
rotation: diversity in time |
| What is intercropping | growing a crop among a plant of a different kind, generally in rows |
| What is crop rotation | Planting a new crop each year |
