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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
It is an inflammation of a nerve due to injury or infection like virus, bacteria etc.,	Neuritis
Can be classified as nerve pain.	Neuralgia
A type of neuralgia that emits sharp, burst pain in the face.	Trigeminal Neuralgia
It is called as the neuralgia of the ischiadic/sciatic nerve due to compression of the sciatic nerve.	Sciatica/Ischiadica
T or F: Facial Palsy or Bell's Palsy is the bilateral paralysis of the facial muscles.	false
T or F: Stress, bacterial infection, and temperature are the causative factors for Facial's Palsy	true
T or F: Individuals who have a very weak immune system or low WBC increases the risk of having Facial Palsy	true
A disorder of PNS that is a type of food poisoning that is caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.	Botulism
T or F: The toxin released by the bacteria inhibits the release of ACh in the synapses.	true
T or F: Anesthesia constricts the blood vessels, that it becomes numb to the area that has been injected with.	true
A disorder in the PNS that causes disfiguring nodules that erupt on the body and tissue. Necrosis also occurs.	Leprosy/Hansen's Disease
T or F: The bacteria that kills the skin and tissues including the cells of the PNS is Mycobacterioum tuberculosis	false
T or F: Liver is not capable of regenerating itself.	false
It is caused by the virus Varicella-Zoster, same virus that causes chickenpox.	Herpes
T or F: In Herpes, the virus resides in the ganglia of sensory nerves and can cause lesions along the course of the nerves.	true
A type of Herpes that occurs lesions in the area of lips and nose (blisters), and can be very painful.	Herpes Simplex I
T or F: Herpes Simplex I can cause fevers	true
A type of Herpes that causes lesions on the external genitalia and can be very painful.	Herpes Simplex II
T or F: Chickenpox can be itchy and only occurs in children.	true
T or F: If it happens that the vaccination for herpes happen during toddler years, and haven't got contact with chickenpox during adult years, it is better to get vaccinated again.	true
A Herpes type that occurs in adult that only occurs on unilateral side of the body and face, it targets the nerve endings that's why it's very painful. Painful rash or blister are the signs.	Shingles
A viral infection of the CNS but also damages the somatic motor neurons in the PNS which makes the motor muscles paralyzed and atrophy.	Poliomyelitis
T or F: Poliomyelitis can be extremely contagious.	true
T or F: Polio individuals have difficulty in standing due to footdrop	true
T or F: It is better to get vaccinated during puberty to prevent polio.	false
An autoimmune disease that attacks the neuromuscular junctions whereas the receptors for ACh are destroyed.	Myasthenia Gravis
T or F: The visual pathway starts from the cornea to the brain.	false
T or F: Everything that is part of the visual pathway is basically regarded as part of the CNS.	true
T or F: The pathway of light starts from the cornea to the retina.	true
T or F: Pathway of light is connected to the visual pathway	true
T or F: Retina is a 10-layered membrane that starts with Internal/Inner Limiting Membrane to Retinal Pigmented Epithelium (inner to outer)	true
T or F: A lesion in the retina will not be able to send signal to the optic nerve.	true
An extension of CNS. It consists of approximately 1m myelinated axons arising from the ganglion cells of the retina that pierces the sclera.	Optic Nerve
T or F: Optic nerve is myelinated by Oligodendrocytes	true
T or F: A lesioned optic nerve may lead to anopia.	true
This part of the optic nerve measures 1mm in length and located within the eyeball.	Intraocular
Intraocular part of the optic nerve is supplied by the branches of _____________.	Anastomotic circle of Zinn
A part of the optic nerve that is approximately 25mm in length and is situated at the back of the eye to the optic canal.	Intraorbital
Intraorbital receives its blood supply from the ___________.	Pial Plexus
Pial Plexus receives its arterial supply from the branches of	Ophthalmic Artery
A part of the optic nerve that has 4 to 10mm in length, and is situated within the optic canal accompanied by ophthalmic artery along with the sympathetic nerves.	Intracanalicular
T or F: Intracanalicular and intraorbital shares the same supply of blood in the branches of Pial Plexus	true
A part of the optic nerve that has a 10mm in length and is situated at the posterior part.	Intracranial
Intracranial receives its blood supply from the Pial Plexus that is located to	Superior Hypophyseal Artery from ICA and Ophthalmic Artery
It is the 3rd point in the visual pathway that serves as the point of decussation and union of the bilateral optic nerve.	Optic Chiasm
T or F: Optic chiasm is located in the front part of the brain and lies directly in front of the hypothalamus	true
T or F: Optic chiasm transmits visual information from the optic nerve to the occipital lobes of the brain.	true
If the midline of optic chiasm got lesioned, it might result to __________.	Bitemporal Hemianopia
If the lateral of optic chiasm got lesioned, it might result to __________.	Binasal Hemianopia
It is responsible for relaying visual information to the lateral geniculate nucleus or body.	Optic Tract
Optic Tract lesion will lead to ____________	Homonymous Hemianopia
A lateral and inferior protuberances or bulges that are located on either side of the inferior surface of the diencephalon.	Lateral Geniculate Body/Nucleus
T or F: LGN or LGB consists of 6 layers naming Inner 4 layers and Outer 2 layers.	false
The inner two layers of the LGN are ___________ or larger cells.	Magnocellular Layers
The outer four layers of the LGN are __________ or smaller cells.	Parvocellular Layers
T or F: In the 6 layers of LGB, the ipsilateral sends information to 2, 3, 5. And contralateral fiber sends information to 1, 4, 6.	true
T or F: LGN and Optic Tract lesions will have the same result which is homonymous hemianopia	true
A structure in the visual pathway that is also known as geniculocalcarine tract.	Optic Radiation
T or F: Optic radiation act as a connection between the LGN and primary visual cortex	true
A part of optic radiation which carries information from the superior retinal quadrants.	Superior/Parietal OR
If there's a problem with the portion of parietal OR, it will lead to __________.	Homonymous Inferior Quadrantanopia
A part of optic radiation which carries information from the inferior retinal quadrants.	Meyer's Loop/Temporal OR
Temporal OR problems will lead to ___________.	Homonymous Superior Quadrantanopia
The endpoint of the Visual Pathway where it receives, integrates, and processes visual information relayed from the retinas.	Visual Cortex
T or F: A unilateral lesion in the visual cortex will lead to scotoma, homonymous hemianopia.	true
T or F: A bilateral lesion in the visual cortex will lead to complete cortical blindness.	true
Who is the person who stated that visual field is a portion in space in which objects are simultaneously visible to the steadily fixating eye?	Harrington
T or F: A normal visual field is an island of vision measuring 60 degrees inferiorly, 75 degrees superiorly, 60 degrees temporally and 100 degrees nasally.	false
It refers to a group of eye diseases characterized by damage to the optic nerve usually due to excessively high IOP is a group of eye diseases characterized by damage to the optic nerve.	Glaucoma
It is a term that refers to the blindness over half of the field of vision.	Hemianopia
T or F: Homonymous are defects that are limited to the opposite side of visual field in each eye, while Heteronymous are defects that only occurs in the same side of each eye.	false
A hemianopia in which the visual field defect in both eyes are completely symmetric in extent and intensity.	Congruous
An incomplete or asymmetrical homonymous hemianopia.	Incongruous
It refers to a damage of a small are in the retina.	Scotoma
It is the progressive deterioration of a critical region of the retina called the macula.	Age-Related Macular Degeneration
It refers to a group of inherited disorders that slowly lead to blindness due to abnormalities of the photoreceptors (primarily the rods) in the retina.	Retinitis Pigmentosa
This type of hemianopia are most common in stroke and brain injury survivors.	Homonymous Hemianopia
Both inner halves of each eye's visual field are affected.	Binasal Hemianopia
Both outer halves of the field of vision in each eye are affected.	Bitemporal Hemianopia
It is characterized by low vision or vision loss in one quarter of the visual field of both eyes.	Homonymous Quadrantanopia
It is a spot in the visual field in which vision is absent or deficient.	Scotoma
A type of scotoma whereas objects with low illumination cannot be seen but bigger or more brilliant can.	Relative Scotoma
A type of scotoma where none can be seen at all inside that field or region.	Absolute Scotoma
A region of lessen or lost of vision that meddle with central vision (which seriously affect our daily lives)	Central Scotoma
A region of lessen or lost of vision on half of the visual field (less probable to affect in our daily lives)	Hemianopic Scotoma
A region of lessen or loss of vision near the edge of the visual field (less probable to affect in our daily lives)	Peripheral Scotoma
A region of lessened or loss of vision at near, but not in the central area of vision that probably affects reading and our daily lives.	Paracentral Scotoma