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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

QuestionAnswer
functions of the skeletal systemshape and support, muscle attachment for movement, protection, red blood cell production
flexiondecreasing the joint angles
extensionincreasing the joint angle
adductionmovement of a body part towards the body's midline (ADD to the midline)
abductionmovement of a body part away from the body's midline
dorsiflexiontoes are bought closer to the shin (upwards)
plantar flexionmovement which decreases the angle of the sole of the foot and the ankle
latissimus dorsilocation: middle of the back, partially covered by trapezius function: adduction, extension and rotation at the shoulder
trapeziuslocation: upper middle of the back function: moving, rotation and stabilizing the scapula
deltoidslocation: upper arm and top of the shoulder function: moves and stabilizes your shoulder joint
pectoralslocation: connect the front of chest with bones of upper arm, shoulder function: moves and stabilises shoulder joint
bicepslocation: upper arm between shoulder and elbow function: flexion at the elbow
tricepslocation: back of the upper arm between shoulder and elbow function: extension of the elbow
abdominalslocation: center of your body function: flexion at the trunk
gluteallocation: buttocks function: rotation and extension at the hips
hamstringslocation: back of the lower leg function: flexion of the knee
quadricepslocation: front of the upper leg function: extension at the knee
gastrocnemiuslocation: back of the lower leg function: extension at the ankle joint (plantarflexion)
tibialis anteriorlocation: front of the lower leg function: flexion at the ankle joint
agonistthe muscle that contracts to create movement (also called the prime mover)
antagonistthe muscle that relaxes during movement
fast twitch muscle fiberscontract faster, tire more easily, good for activities that require short bursts of energy (anerobic), creates a lot of force
slow twitch muscle fiberscontract slower, don't create as much force, don't tire as quickly, better for aerobic activities
pathway of airmouth/nose passage --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli
how alveoli have adapted for gas exchangeThe lining of the alveoli walls also moist so the gases can easily dissolve, walls are thin so the diffusion distance is short, they have a rich blood supply so there is a steep concentration gradient
intercostal muscles with breathing inribs move up and out, intercostal muscles contract and lengthen
diaphragm with breathing incontracts to become flatter
intercostal muscles with breathing outribs move down and in, intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm with breathing outdomes up
tidal volume & exercise affectsthe amount of air breathed in with each normal breath, short term increases with exercise
vital capacity & exercise affectsmaximum amount of air that can be breathed out after breathing in as much air as possible, can increase after regular aerobic exercise
residual volume & exercise affectsvolume of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation, keeps lungs from collapsing, doesn't change with exercise
minute ventilation & exercise affectstotal volume of air entering the lungs in a minute, increases with exercise, measured in (l/min)
minute ventilation equationtidal volume (ml) x number of breaths (per minute)
function of plasmaconsists mainly of water to allow substances to dissolve and be transported easily
function of red blood cellscarry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body, contain hemoglobin which binds with oxygen in the lungs
function of white blood cellsdefend us against pathogens by engulfing them or creating antibodies to attack them
function of plateletsstop bleeding by forming a blood clot
role of hemoglobin in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxideWhen the hemoglobin has delivered oxygen to the cells, it then becomes a magnet for carbon dioxide, then picks it up and gives it back to the lungs where it leaves the body as we exhale
function and structure of arteriescarries blood away from the heart, thick muscle walls, small lumen, no valves
function and structure of veinscarries blood back into the heart, thin muscle walls, large lumen, have valves
function and structure of capillariescarries blood to and from the bodies cell, one cell thick, small lumen, no valves
heart diagramheart diagram
function of atriareceive blood returning to the heart from the body
function of ventriclesto pump blood into systemic and pulmonary circulations
function of valvesprevent the backward flow of blood
flow of blood through the heartBlood comes into the vena cava then the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta
stroke volumevolume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle in one beat
cardiac outputheart rate x stroke volume AND HR (BPM) x SV (ml)
aerobic respirationtakes place in the presence of oxygen, oxygen combines with glucose inside living cells to release energy
aerobic equationglucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
anaerobic respirationconverting glucose into energy without oxygen, producing lactic acid
anaerobic equationglucose --> lactic acid
oxygen is used to convert lactic acid intowater - which can be used elsewhere in the body or excreted as urine carbon dioxide - carried to the lungs by the blood and exhaled a small amount of glucose - can be re-used as energy by the muscles
EPOCcaused when athletes use anaerobic respiration during exercise, which causes a build up of lactic acid. This then requires a high breathing rate after exercise to remove lactic acid and allow oxygen to be brought to muscles around the body. The heart rate remains high.
factors affecting recovery timestrength, genetics, age, gender, sleep
how overall strength and fitness affects recovery timethe stronger your muscles are, the quicker they will be at absorbing the oxygen needed to remove lactic acid
how genetics affects recovery timesome people inherit the ability to recover quickly from exercise compared to others
how age affects recovery timeas you get older you will generally need a longer recovery time
how gender affects recovery timephysically fit women have a greater resistance to fatigue than males, especially at low to moderate intensities
how sleep affects recovery timegood sleep helps your body recover physically and mentally
short-term effects of exerciseheart rate increases, breathing rate increases, sweating, fatigue, nausea
long-term effects of exercisehypertropia (heart size), bradycardia (resting pulse rate), stroke volume, ability to tolerate lactic acid
forceis a push or a pulling action applied upon an object (measured in Newtons), increases/decreases in force can cause acceleration/deceleration
inertiathe resistance of an object to any change in its state of motion
massis the quantity of matter in a body, regardless of its volume or of any forces acting on it (kg)
accelerationis the rate at which an object changes speed (measured in meters per second)
the law of inertia/newtons first law of motionan object in motion stays in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an external force
newtons second law of motionan object will accelerate when acted upon by an external force the acceleration of the object is proportional to this force and is in the direction by which the force acts
newtons third law of motionfor every action there exists an equal and opposite reaction
gravitythe force that attracts the body towards the center of the earth, or towards any other physical body having mass
muscular forcea push or pull applied to an object provided by muscular contraction
air resistancethe frictional force that air applies against a moving object
ground reaction forcethe reaction to the force that the body exerts on the ground
force calculationmass (kg) x acceleration
forces acting upon a moving performergravity, air resistance, muscular force
forces acting upon a sprinter in the blocksgravity, ground reaction force, air resistance
forces acting upon an object flying through the airgravity, air resistance, force applied at release
first class lever examplenodding of the head
second class lever examplejumping for a ball
third class lever examplebaseball pitching
basic skillsare simple skills such as throwing, catching, hitting a ball, and running
complex skillsare more difficult skills that require a higher level of coordination and concentration.
open skillsare skills that are affected by the environment. The performer must react and adjust to the situation, and this will constantly change.
closed skillsare skills that are not affected by the environment or the performers within in.
fine skillsare precise movements that require high levels of accuracy and technique. They are often small movements that require small groups of muscles such as in the fingers.
gross skillsare movements that use large muscle groups to produce big, powerful movements. Gross skills are usually performed by the arms and legs
cognitive and examplepreparation stage, start to learn the new skill or technique and consciously think about what is involved and the actions you need to perform the skill (shooting too far away in basketball)
associative and examplepractice stage, continue repeating and practicing skills and techniques so that they improve (number of misses decreases)
autonomous and exampleautomatic stage, can perform the skills naturally without conscious thought, you show control, accuracy and even flair (scoring every time unless impeded)
motivationthe desire required to be successful, a driving force that makes you do something and decide how much effort to put in
intrinsic motivationfeelings of satisfaction or well-being from doing the activity
extrinsic motivationPraise from other people, at the professional level, the search for sponsorship or a better contract
arousal definitionenergized state of readiness that motivates you to perform a task
over arousal affectfeeling anxious/nervous/stressed, you could be ‘psyched out’ by the opposition, you may make mistakes or not give your best performance
under arousal levels affectYou will not be excited or focused enough to perform at the required level
how optimal arousal is different for different skillsfine motor skills (such as in darts) require low levels of arousal to perform well, gross motor skills like running require high levels of arousal to perform well
cognitive anxietyThe mental symptoms that a performer feels such as self doubt, that can occur if the performer is in a state of under arousal
somatic anxietyThe physical signs of anxiety that can be termed as ‘butterflies in the stomach’.
3 relaxation techniquesmental rehearsal, visualization, deep breathing
mental rehearsalRunning through a skill, sequence or event in your mind, in detail, using all your senses
visualization‘Seeing’ the best positive outcome for the skill/technique you are about to perform
deep breathingA learned way of breathing in a deep, calm and focused way to promote relaxation as well as physical well-being
how relaxation techniques control arousal for all 3increased concentration, controlled breathing, reduced heart rate
agility and a sporting examplethe ability to change the body position quickly and under control, basketball
balance and a sporting examplebeing able to maintain a position either static or dynamic, gymnastics
stamina and a sporting exampleallows you to work for long periods of time with the lungs, heart and blood working efficiently to supply oxygen to the muscles, swimming
coordination and a sporting examplethe ability to use two body parts at the same time, tennis
flexibility and a sporting exampleis the range of movement around a joint, karate
muscular endurance and a sporting exampleability of your muscles to work continuously without getting tired, marathon running
power and a sporting examplebeing able to perform strength movements at speed, boxing
reaction time and a sporting examplethe time taken to respond to a stimulus, starting pistol in a running race
speed and a sporting exampleability to perform a movement quickly over a distance, 100m sprint
strength and a sporting exampleability to exert the maximum amount of force in one go, can be explosive (weight lifting) or static (rugby players in a scrum)
SPORTspecificity (to sport and performer, progression (make it progressively harder), overload (the body must work harder than normal), reversibility (if we stop exercising out fitness levels decrease), tedium (training must vary to ensure motivation not boredom)
FITTFrequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), Type (is it suitable for your sport)
continuous training description & example, training aim, adv, dis-adv, safetyconsists of continuous activities like running, cardiovascular endurance, burns fat, no anaerobic fitness, correct footwear
weight training description, training aim, adv, dis-adv, safetyusing free weights kettle bells resistance weights, strength, improves muscular strength, gym fees can be expensive, correct use of equipment
fartlek training description & example, training aim, adv, dis-adv, safety"speed play" involves fast and slow activity over a variety of terrain or hills (running), aerobic fitness, good for sports that have a change of pace, easy to avoid challenging parts, correct footwear
plyometric training description & example, training aim, adv, dis-adv, safetyeccentric muscle movements like squats, power, provides more energy, high stress on muscles, need to prevent injury
circuit training description, training aim, adv, dis-adv, safetycomplete exercises for different muscle groups at stations, strength, varied so it doesnt get boring, requires a lot of equipment and time to set up, risk of overtraining
HIIT description, training aim, adv, dis-adv, safetyinvolves periods of intense work followed by rest periods, speed, combines aerobic and anaerobic fitness, can become boring, risk of overtraining
abilitythe qualities and characteristics a person is born with, such as speed, coordination and flexibility, that allow a person to learn or acquire skills
skillsa learned and practised ability that brings about the results you want to achieve with maximum certainty and efficiency
factors affecting skillteaching & coaching, environment, facilities, arousal conditions, age & maturity, culture, motivation, anxiety
age & maturityhow young a person is can affect how good they become. Starting younger provides more time to become an expert.
arousal conditionssomeone who is calm and enjoys low arousal may perform well in shooting or archery, people with higher arousal levels may prefer football or boxing
facilitiesthe kinds of facilities that are available and accessible will impact on the sports that are offered
environmentwhere you live will affect your choices, if you live where the is snow you are more likely to ski
teaching & coachingthe quality and provision of coaching available will affect the skill level, Andy Murray left the UK for Spain to develop his tennis skills
anxietyif you see the skill as difficult, it may stop you improving. The coach must break the skill down to help motivate you
motivationthis will influence the skills you choose and how well you master them. A desire to succeed will encourage you to practice and seek new challenges
culturebackground can impact upon the skills you learn. A person with the ability to play striking sports is likely to play baseball in the USA, but cricket in India
accurateachieving precise, reliable movements
consistentperforming to a high level every time with control and quality
fluentusing movements that are quick, smooth and flowing, without hesitation or stumbling
coordinatedmoving different parts of the body together with efficiency and control
aesthetically pleasinga display that looks good to the eye of the spectator, judge or coach
goal directedfocusing performing on a specific target and being determined to achieve that target
decision-makingis when the information is analysed by the performer, so they can choose the most appropriate response
outputdecision made and then acted upon
feedbackinformation that is received about the output or decision
single channel hypothesisif we do more than one thing at once, our overall performance can suffer as the brain struggles to process all the information coming in
short term memorylimited capacity, only there for a short amount of time
long term memoryunlimited capacity, there for a long time
intrinsic feedbackinformation that comes from within, like your emotions thoughts and muscles
extrinsic feedbackcomes from an external sources like coach or a teacher
knowledge of performanceanalysing your quality of movement or use of techniques e.g. if you landed gymnastics vault well
knowledge of resultsanalysing the outcome of your performance, e.g. the score
importance of receiving feedbackallows the performer to identify what they have done well and what needs to be improved
4 types of guidancevisual, verbal, manual, mechanical
verbal and exampleguidance that you hear e.g. coach telling you instructions
visual and exampleguidance you can see e.g. coaches demonstration
manual and examplesupporting the movement through touch, useful for cognitive and associative learners, e.g. a coach may touch the performer to show them
mechanical and exampleuse of a device to support the performer, useful for cognitive so performer is less anxious e.g. a float for swimming
goala desired aim or outcome; something that you are trying to achieve
SMARTER goalsspecific (make it detailed), measurable (measure if you can achieve it), agreed (you and your coach agree on that goal), realistic (a goal that is too difficult can demotivate you), time-phased (planned ahead), exciting (can prevent you from getting bored), recorded (goals should be written down)
how can goal-setting reduce anxietythe performer will be more confident going into a competitive situation. Having control of a situation has been shown to play an important role in reducing stress and anxiety
introvertreserved, and usually prefer taking part in individual sports
extrovertenjoy interaction with others and are aroused by others, enthusiastic/talkative
introvert characteristicsget energized by being on their own, prefer taking part in sports by themselves, perform best at lower levels of arousal
extrovert characteristicsenergized being with others, prefer team sports, perform best at higher levels of arousal
sports for introvertsgolf, tennis, swimming
sports for extrovertshockey, netball, volleyball, rugby
leisure timetime spent away from work and free from obligations
physical recreationa physical activity or pastime that promotes health, relaxation and enjoyment
playto take part in a sport or activity for enjoyment
sportan activity that involves physical exertion and skill, either as an individual or as part of a team, competing against another person or team
factors which influence what recreational activities people do in their leisure timeage and health, interests, facilities, peer influences, where you live, social circumstances, family influences
age and healtholder people may choose less demanding activities such as walking football and bowling
interestsmore likely to take part in activities that spark your interest. If you like being outdoors, you're more likely to do road cycling
facilitiesthe facilities and standard of facilities available affect the activities you would take part in
where you liveclimate and traditions/cultural activities you're exposed too
social circumstancessometimes you cannot afford to do all activities available to you
family influencesyou're more likely to take part in those activities if your family is interested, encouraging, can transport, and they fit in with family culture
factors that influence the growth in leisure activitiesadvances in technology, improvements in healthcare, better awareness of health benefits, wider media coverage, improvements in travel methods, reduced cost of equipment, more leisure facilities, increase in leisure time
sports development pyramid stagesfoundation, participation, performance, elite
foundation stageconsists of beginners and younger people, involves mass participation activities, involves learning and developing basic skills such as running, found at school age in PE lessons or ‘mini sports’ activities
participation stagetaking part in organised sporting activity at clubs and leisure centres, being with friends and like-minded individuals who are there to enjoy playing sport, having a more structured environment
performance stagefocus is on developing the level of performance towards the elite level, participants will concentrate on one or two sports to develop specific skills, training and competition start becoming more regular and important, emphasis is more professional over fun
elite stageperformers move from regional to national squads, high levels of support to prepare performers, lead a lifestyle designed to maintain high levels of fitness, most likely be professional
types of sponsorshipfinancial support, clothing/footwear/equipment, provisional of specialist activities
advantages of sponsorship to the performer/teamthey receive free clothing equipment and a payment, athletes can concentrate on training and playing and not have to worry about money
disadvantages of sponsorship to the performer/teamperformers are often required to spend time at a sponsors' event instead of resting or training for their next game
advantages of sponsorship to the sponsorbeing linked to success can raise their profile and status and increase the sales of their products
disadvantages of sponsorship to the sponsorhave to provide equipment/clothes to the performer, and it can be expensive, can give the brand a negative image if something bad happens with its performer
advantages of sponsorship to the sportsport receives additional funding on top of admissions and competitions entries which allows them to develop coaching and community schemes
disadvantages of sponsorship to the sportsponsors tend to prefer high profile televised sports with big stars, minority sports find it much more difficult to attract sponsors
advantages of sponsorship to the audience and spectatorsthey benefit when sponsors money is used to improve spectator facilities, there may also be direct benefits in terms of more access to watching sport
disadvantages of sponsorship to the audience and spectatorssponsors can exert a strong influence on a sport like by dictating rule changes or timing of events
types of media coveragetelevision, internet and social media, print, radio
advantages of media coverage to the performermakes it easier to attract sponsorship, performers can become role models to develop their reputation and promote themselves
disadvantages of media coverage to the performerincreased exposure can lead to a loss of privacy even attacks on performers and their families
advantages of media coverage to the sport or eventinfluences rule changes to benefit the sport, attendance increases because people want to watch their favourite sport/team, increased money for pay prizes equipment and coaching
disadvantages of media coverage to the sport or eventsome sports get more exposure than others, become dependent on the money being bought in by the media, overexposure can lead to loss of interest
advantages of media coverage to the audience/spectatorscan get a better view of the action, can gain more knowledge from media experts/analysis
disadvantages of media coverage to the audience/spectatorspay-to-view can mean it's hard to access some events, changes of event times could be made to suit the media, event entry can become expensive
advantages of being a host nationstadia and training facilities, home advantage, national pride, tourism, economy and employment, legacy implications, infrastructure
stadia and training facilitiesimproved sports facilities are built that can be used both before and after the competition
home advantagemore spectators are cheering home performers on, performers can also benefit from competing in a familiar environment and climate