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level: REPTILES

Questions and Answers List

level questions: REPTILES

Question	Answer
Lizards species ● The venom of these lizard has SEROTONIN, AMINE, OXIDASE, PHOSPHOLIPASE A, AND PROTEOLYTIC as well as HYALURONIDASE ACTIVITIES The venom causes HEMORRHAGE in INTERNAL ORGANS and EYE, it also causes HYPOTENSION.	● Heloderma suspectum “Gila monster” ● Heloderma horridum “Beaded lizard
Venomous species of snakes can be divided into:	○ Elapidae - cobras, mambas, coral snakes, kraits ○ Hydrophiidae - true sea snakes ○ Laticaudidae - sea kraits ○ Viperidae - old world vipers ○ New World Crotalidae - rattlesnake, copperheads ○ Colubridae
determine what species they belong: 1 cobras, mambas, coral snakes, kraits 2 true sea snakes 3 sea kraits 4 old world vipers 5 rattlesnake, copperheads	1 Elapidae 2 Hydrophiidae 3 Laticaudidae 4 Viperidae 5 New World Crotalidae
1 Snake venoms contains __ such as sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and small amounts of metals: zinc, iron, cobalt, manganese, and nickel 2 is composed of proteins and chemicals (90-95%)	1 inorganic cations 2 Dried venom
Snake Venoms CLINICAL EXPERIENCES 1 When bitten, death usually occurs from __ hrs 2 Death in humans may occur within __ hour or after several days. 3 Death is mainly caused by __ which is associated with acute blood loss secondary to bleeding or hemolysis. 4 Venom causes hemolysis to __ 5 Most patients' is associated with a decrease in __, with varying degrees of blood cell loss. ■ Since it destroys the hemoglobin so the blood volume is reduced and no oxygen transport.	1) 18-32 hours. 2) less than 1 3 Hypotension or shock 4 RBCs 5 Circulating Fluid Volume
Snake Bite Treatment: ○ Three general principles:	(1) Snake venom poisoning is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY REQUIRING IMMEDIATE ATTENTION and the exercise of considerable judgment. (2) The VENOM IS A COMPLEX MIXTURE of substances of which and the only adequate antidotes is the USE OF SPECIFIC OR POLYSPECIFIC ANTIVENOM (3) NOT EVERY BITE by a venomous snake ENDS IN A ENVENOMATION or causes symptoms. ○ There are only a few venomous snakes.
Different snake bite treatment:	1 antivenom 2 Antisera
1 CONSISTS OF VENOM-SPECIFIC ANTISERA or ANTIBODIES CONCENTRATED FROM IMMUNE SERUM to the venom. 2 have antibodies already present which CONTAIN 1 ANTIGEN OR SEVERAL ANTIGENS which are POLYSPECIFIC.	1 Antivenom 2 Antisera Available in several forms: intact IgG antibodies or fragments of IgG such as F(ab) 2 and Fab
Different snake bite treatment: They are prepared through __ , __, and other procedures.	1 Ammonium Sulfate (NH4)2SO4 or Sodium sulfate Na2SO4 precipitation 2 Pepsin or Papain digestion
Hypersensitivity to venom: an immediate hypersensitivity reaction that is caused by antigen cross linking of endogenous IgE bound to mast cells and basophils. Binding of the antigens by a mast cell may cause the release of histamine and other mediators produce anaphylactic reaction. ● The binding of antigen to mast cells causes the release of histamine which leads to an anaphylactic reaction	Type 1: IgE
Hypersensitivity to venom: is the worst case that can happen to an allergic reaction, which usually constricts the respiratory airways and the heart.	Anaphylactic reaction
Hypersensitivity to venom: Serum sickness which develops several days after antivenom administration. Manifestation includes: inflammatory responses in the skin, joints, kidney, and other tissues.	Type 3