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level: Level 4 - Cardiovascular System & Vasoactive Chemicals

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 4 - Cardiovascular System & Vasoactive Chemicals

Question	Answer
- INCREASES HEART CONTRACTION by acting on the cellular sodium potassium ATPase - USED IN THE TREATMENT of HEART FAILURE & CARDIAC RHYTHM DISORDERS especially to patients with slow heart beat	Cardioactive Glycosides
Plants with cardiac glycosides	1 Digitalis purpurea (foxglove, Scrophulariaceae) - Digoxin 2 Lily family, squill (Scilla maritimo) - Scillaren 3 Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) - Convallatoxin
- SOURCE of DIGOXIN - Toxicity can cause Adverse effect such as anorexia, first sign that would manifest, nausea and vomiting and diarrhea, headache, neuralgia, fatigue, confusion, insomnia and visual disturbances (seeing different color) - CAUSES GYNECOMASTIA (enlargement of breast in male)	Digitalis purpurea (foxglove, Scrophulariaceae)
1 - contains SCILLAREN which cause INCREASE OUTPUT OF HEART 2 - contains CONVALLATOXIN in the BULBS INCREASE HEART OUTPUT	1 Lily family, squill (Scilla maritimo) 2 Lily of the valley (Comvallaria majalis)
Plants that have Actions on Cardiac Nerves	1 Veratrum viride (American hellebore, Liliaceae) 2 Veratrum album (European hellebore) and Veratrum californicum
1 - Produces SEVERAL TOXIC ALKALOIDS and actually DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY PARTS 2 USED MEDICINAL DRUG before as they can SLOW & SOFTENING OF THE PULSE; Symptoms: nausea, emesis, hypotension, and bradycardia Primary effect in in heart which cause repetitive response to a single stimulus resulting to a prolongation of sodium current	1 Veratrum viride (American hellebore, Liliaceae) 2 Veratrum album (European hellebore)
Have similar alkaloids with European hellebore (Veratrum album)	Veratrum californicum
- Substances that can CONSTRICT / DILATE BLOOD VESSELS - Can increase or decrease the blood pressure	Vasoactive Chemicals
Plants with Vasoactive Chemicals	a. American Mistletoe b. Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
- contains PHORATOXIN which is a polypeptide - It is a NEGATIVE INOTROPIC AGENTS - WEAKEN FORCE of MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS - Symptoms: hypotension, bradycardia with NEGATIVE INOTROPIC ACTIONS on HEART MUSCLE, and vasoconstriction of the vessels of skin and skeletal muscle. - SERIOUS POISONING is RARE and most poisoning include gastrointestinal distress - Instances of ANAPHYLAXIS if there is INJECTION of EXTRACT	American mistletoe
- is FUNGUS PARASITIC that is on THE GRAINS & RICE - Poisoning is called ST. ANTONY’S FIRE causes BLACKENING APPEARANCE ON THE LIMBS of the patients that can lead to GANGRENE - Symptoms: vasoconstriction, primarily in the extremities, followed by GANGRENE. - if the pregnant women INGESTED RYE FLOWER with ergot, BABY CAN BE ABORTED. - RYE FLOWER is known ABORTIFACIENT - Some alkaloids found in ergots are used in therapeutics such as ERGOTAMINE & ERGONOVINE	Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
1 derivatives of Lysergic Acid (has HALLUCINOGENIC EFFECT of used as drug of abuse) 2 Some alkaloids found in ergots that are USED IN THERAPEUTICS	1 Ergot alkaloids 2 Ergotamine and Ergonovine
BLACKENING APPEARANCE ON THE LIMBS of the patients that can lead to GANGRENE caused by the plant ergot	ST. ANTONY’S FIRE