| II. ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY | 1. Trigeminally Mediated Airway Reflexes
2. Bronchoconstriction, Airway Hyperactivity, and Neurogenic Inflammation
3. Acute Lung Injury (Pulmonary Edema) |
| caused by the damage of the epithelial barrier of the
alveolar region. | Pulmonary Edema
(II. ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| Acute Lung Injury (Pulmonary Edema)
(list of what can cause this): | a. Alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells (damaged)
b. Atelectasis
c. Pulmonary edema ventilation-perfusion
d. Acrolein, HCl, NO2, NH3
(II. ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| there is a complete or partial collapse of an area of
the lung (lobe), or even the entire lungs.
Acute lung injury can also be caused when there is inflammatory cell influx in the alveolar region which can lead to this | Atelectasis
(II. ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| Manifestation of Pulmonary Edema:
accumulation of fluid of the lung injury that alters the ventilation-perfusion relationship. Therefore, it limits the diffusive transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide in normal alveoli | Acute oxidative phase
(II. ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| Chemicals that can cause acute lung injury
COMPROMISE ALVEOLAR BARRIER FUNCTION SEVERAL HOURS -> exposure to LOW CONCENTRATIONS.
IMMEDIATE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE &DEATH -> exposed to HIGH CONCENTRATIONS. | - Acrolein
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Nitrates (NO2)
- Ammonia (NH3)
(II. ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY | 1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2. Lung cancer
3. Asthma
4. Pulmonary Fibrosis – type 1 and 3 |
| there is repeated or long term exposure to toxicants | Chronic Responses
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| 1 characterized by a progressive airflow obstruction.
- From smoking. First, second, and third hand smoking. | 1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease types | a. Chronic bronchitis
b. Emphysema distended, hyperinflated lungs
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| 1 destruction of the gas exchanging surface area
which results in a distended and hyperinflated lungs.
2 can no longer effectively exchange the oxygen and carbon dioxide, as a result there is a loss of tissue and then leads to air trapping. | 1 Emphysema
2 Distended or Hyperinflated lungs
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| 1 usually develops within 20-40 years. Chemicals cause DNA damage
2 have the ability to alter and cause damage to
the DNA. | 1 Lung cancer
2 Mutagenic substances
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| Lung cancer two forms | 1 Small-cell lung cancer
- AKA squamous cell carcinoma
- AKA adenocarcinoma
2 - Large-cell lung cancer
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| Main toxicant of lung cancer
contains high amounts of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). | Cigarettes (Tobacco)
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| 1 is characterized by shortness of breath due to the narrowing of the bronchi
- Usually, repeated or long term exposure to a particle /substance is the cause. Response to different irritants
Increase airway reactivity to the bronchial smooth muscle | 1 Asthma
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| 1 increased production of extracellular particles.
in the increase in production, some components may
be mutated.
2 can be acute or chronic.
- Increased amount of collagen, especially type 1 and 3 in the alveolar and respiratory bronchioles for patients with this. | 1 Fibrosis
2 Pulmonary Fibrosis
AKA lung fibrosis
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
| there is an increase in
respiratory rate, wheezing and grunting sound of the lungs, and
bluish color of the mouth. | Pulmonary distress syndrome
(III. CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY) |
