| Study of distribution and
determinants of health-related
conditions or events in populations
“the study of distribution and determine
of health-related states or events in
specific populations, and the
application of this study to control of
health problems” | EPIDEMIOLOGY |
| EPIDEMIOLOGY comes from the greek word
1 ◆ epi, meaning __
2 ◆ demos,meaning __
3 ◆ logos, meaning __ | 1 “on or upon”
2 “people”
3 “the study of” |
| Three important components included in
EPIDEMIOLOGY are: | 1 Frequency
2 Distribution
3 Determinants |
| 1 The first component to be considered is measurement of disease __, which involves quantification
of the occurrence of disease.
2 The second component is __ of disease in terms of TIME, PLACE, & PERSON- who is getting
the disease, where and when the disease is occurring.
3 derives from the first
two, necessary to test an epidemiological
hypothesis. | 1 Frequency
2 Distribution
3 Determinants |
| Disease Frequency examples | ● Rate - incidence rate, prevalence rate
etc.
● Ratio - sex ratio, doctor-population rate |
| 1 Distribution of disease (process)
2 Determinants of Disease (process)
3 Help in developing sound scientific program | 1) 1 Disease in community →
2 find causative factor
3 Generate hypothesis
4 Descriptive epidemiology
2) 1 To test hypothesis
2 Analytic epidemiology
3 Analytic epidemiology |
| (HISTORY)
1 (circa 400 B.C.) attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational instead of a supernatural
viewpoint
2 a London haberdasher, published his landmark analysis of mortality data in 1662. He was the first to
quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting male-female disparities, high infant mortality, and seasonal variations | 1 Hippocrates
2 John Graunt |
| (HISTORY)
1 began to systematically collect and analyze Britain’s mortality statistics.
2 an anesthesiologist,
conducted a series of investigations in
London that later earned him the title
“the father of epidemiology.” | 1 William Farr
2 John Snow
Discipline did not flourish until the end of
the Second World War. |
| AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1 To describe the distribution and size of
disease problems in human populations.
(Descriptive epidemiology)
2 To identify the etiological factors in the
pathogenesis of disease
(Analytical epidemiology)
3 To provide the data essential in planning, implementation and evaluation of services for the prevention, control and treatment of disease and setting up priorities among those services.
(Experimental epidemiology) |
| The ULTIMATE AIM of epidemiology is | ◆ To eliminate or reduce the health problem or its
consequences
◆ To improve medical care and provide administrative guidance for community health services
◆ To promote the health and well being of society as a whole. |
| PURPOSES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1. To investigate nature / extent of health-related phenomena in the community / identify priorities
2. To study natural history and prognosis of
health-related problems
3. To identify causes and risk factors
4. To recommend / assist in application of /
evaluate best interventions (preventive and
therapeutic measures)
5. To provide foundation for public policy |
| SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1 Disease definition
2 Disease occurrence
3 Disease causation
4 Disease outcome
5 Disease management
6 Disease prevention
DOC POM |
| 1 characteristics or combination of character that best discriminate disease from non diseased
2 the rate of development of new case in population.
The proportion of current disease within population
3 the risk factors for disease development and their relative strength with respect to an individual and population. | 1 Disease definition
2 Disease occurrence
3 Disease causation
(SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY) |
| 1 the outcome following disease onset and of the risk factors.
2 the relative effectiveness of proposed therapeutic
interventions
3 the relative effectiveness of proposed preventive
strategies including screening | 1 Disease outcome
2 Disease management
3 Disease prevention
(SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY) |
| FUNCTIONS/USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY | 1.To find causation of the disease
2.To describe natural history
3.Description of health status of populations
4.Evaluation of intervention
5.Community diagnosis
6.Planning and evaluation
7.Investigate epidemics of unknown etiology
8.Elucidate mechanism of disease transmission
FDD ECPIE (FooDD EGGPIE MMM (Mechanism)) |
| EPIDEMIOLOGIC INFORMATION | 1. Case definition
2) Person
3) Place
4) Time
Si PPT (C PPT) |
| 1 Standard set of criteria
Clinical and lab
Allows for comparison
example: Smallpox
Clinical Description:
An illness with acute onset of fever >101 °F followed by a rash characterized by vesicles or firm pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause.
Laboratory Criteria for Confirmation:
Isolation of smallpox (variola) virus from a clinical specimen, or | 1) Case Definition
(EPIDEMIOLOGIC INFORMATION) |
| 1 Age , Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status, Behaviors
2 Geographic Distribution,
Natural,
Clustering vs. uniform,
Home, Work, School, Hospital room
3 Geographic Distribution: | 1 Person
2 Place
3 (under Place)
◆ Natural
◆ Clustering vs Uniform
(EPIDEMIOLOGIC INFORMATION) |
| 1 ➔ Onset of symptoms
➔ incubation period
➔ Infectious Period
➔ Seasonality
➔ Baseline vs Epidemic
➔ Interval
2 Interval | 1 Time
2 (Under Time)
◆ Long - term trends
◆ Shorter for environmental
exposure
(EPIDEMIOLOGIC INFORMATION) |
