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level: Principles of Physiology

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Principles of Physiology

Question	Answer
The process that removes the waste products of digestion and metabolism from the body. It gets rid of by-products that the body is unable to use, many of which are toxic and incompatible with life.	Excretion
Science of studying the functional activities and its mechanisms in biological body	Physiology
Physiology derived from two Greek words: physis = _____; logos = _____	nature, study
Physiology can be divided into:	Viral Physiology Bacterial Physiology Cellular Physiology Plant Physiology Human Physiology
Is the science of studying the rule of physiological functions in human body	Human Physiology
He emphasized the relationship between structure and function.	Aristotle
He was the first to perform experiments to understand the function of the body	Galen
The fist physiologist of the world, in the modern sense. In the 17th century, he first describes the circulatory system and its interaction with the body.	William Harvey
He propounded the concept of milieu interieur or internal environment and established physiology as the scientific basis of medicine.	Claude Bernard
The father of modern physiology	Claude Bernard
True/False: All the cells in human body does not have contact with external environment.	True
How do cells in human body support their vital activities?	Through respiration, excretion, growth, transportation, eating, reproduction
1. Majority inside the cells 2. 1/3 outside the cells 3. ECF contains a. Intracellular fluid (ICF) b. Ions and nutrients c. Extracellular fluid (ECF)	1. a. 2. c. 3. b.
Response of our body when we shiver: 1. Involuntary, oscillating muscle contraction (shivering) 2. Brain areas gets activated 3. Temperature sensitive nerve cells detects fall in temperature 4. Increases body temperature 5. Impulses transmitted to brain Hypothalamus	3. 5. 2. 1. 4.
Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in wither the external environment or the internal environment	Homeostasis (homeo = the same)
Coined the term "homeostasis"	Walter Cannon
The process of adjustment (called homeostatic regulation) involves:	1. A receptor 2. Afferent Pathway / Sensory neuron 3. Integrating / control center 4. Efferent Pathway / Motor neuron 5. Effector
Receives information about a change in the environment	Receptor
Receives and processes information from the receptor	Control center
Responds to signals from the control center by either opposing or enhancing the stimulus	Effector
The signal sent by the effector is called? It can be either be negative or positive.	Feedback
When the effector opposes the stimulus (such as dropping temperature) and reverses the direction of change (causing the temperature to rise).	Negative feedback
When the effector reinforces the stimulus (such as uterine contractions during childbirth, which trigger the release of the hormone oxytocin) and amplifies the direction of change (causing even greater contractions and further release of oxytocin).	Positive feedback
Give an example of a negative feedback	Decrease in Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Sweating, Shivering, Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction
Give an example of a positive feedback	Blood clotting, protein digestion, a temperature of 100.2F causes further increase, contraction, lactation
What is the Hypothalamus reponse to heat stress of the body? (negative feedback)	1. Sweating - sweat glands to initiate sweating; evaporation of sweat cools body 2. Vasodilation - blood vessels to dilate; more blood glows to skin, which has been cooled by evaporation
Positive feedback during childbirth (process) 1. Stimulates further contractions of the uterus 2. Baby's head pushes against the cervix - stretch 3. Uterine contractions due to Oxytocin 4. Sends impulse to the uterus 5. Pushing the baby out	Child birth (Parturition reflex) 1. d. 2. b. 3. a. 4. c. 5. e.
Life Processes: Sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body	Metabolism
Life Processes: The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal (inside the body) or external (outside the body) environment.	Responsiveness
Life Processes: Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells.	Movement
Life Processes: Increase in body size through an increase in the number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual cell.	Growth
Life Processes: The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells.	Differentiation
Life Processes: Refers to either (1) the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or (2) the production of a new individual. Refers to the formation of a new person, the birth of a baby.	Reproduction
Life Processes: At all levels of the organizational scheme, there is a division of labor. Each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others. Even a single cell, if it loses its integrity or organization, will die.	Organization
Refers to all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the external environment. It includes ventilation, the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the transport of the gases in the blood.	Respiration
The process of breaking down complex ingested foods into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood and utilized by the body.	Digestion
The process that removes the waste products of digestion and metabolism from the body. It gets rid of by-products that the body is unable to use, many of which are toxic and incompatible with life.	Excretion