| A circulatory system where blood flows through two separate circuits: one for oxygenated blood to be distributed to the body and another for deoxygenated blood to be sent to the lungs. | Double Circulatory System |
| How does the double circulatory system work, and what are the two circuits involved? | The double circulatory system involves two circuits: one carrying oxygenated blood around the body, and the other carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. |
| Blood rich in oxygen, usually pumped from the heart to supply oxygen to various tissues and organs. | Oxygenated Blood |
| What is the destination of oxygenated blood in the circulatory system? | Oxygenated blood is carried around the body to supply oxygen to tissues and organs. |
| Blood that has released oxygen to tissues and is returning to the heart, typically directed to the lungs for oxygenation. | Deoxygenated Blood |
| What happens to deoxygenated blood in the double circulatory system? | Deoxygenated blood is directed to the lungs to pick up more oxygen in the double circulatory system. |
| Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygenated blood and nutrients. | Coronary Arteries |
| Why is the coronary circulation important, and what do coronary arteries supply to the heart? | Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the heart muscle, ensuring the heart has its own blood supply. |
| The muscular wall of the heart, responsible for pumping blood. | Myocardium |
| What is the role of the myocardium in the heart? | The myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart responsible for pumping blood throughout the circulatory system. |
| The heart's function of pumping blood to circulate it throughout the body. | Heart as a Pump |
| What is the primary function of the heart in the circulatory system? | The heart acts as a pump, facilitating the circulation of blood throughout the body. |
| A sugar that serves as a vital energy source for cells and tissues. | Glucose |
| Why is the supply of glucose important for the heart's function? | The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood and glucose, providing essential energy for the heart's muscle contraction. |
| The large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart. | Vena Cava |
| What is the function of the vena cava in the circulatory system? | The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart. |
| The blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. | Pulmonary Artery |
| Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood, and what is its significance? | The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation, a crucial step in the circulatory process. |
| The blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. | Pulmonary Vein |
| What role does the pulmonary vein play in the circulation of blood? | The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| The main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. | Aorta |
| Where does the aorta carry blood, and why is it essential in the circulatory system? | The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body, supplying oxygen to various tissues and organs. |
| The upper chambers of the heart (left atrium and right atrium) that receive blood from veins. | Atrium |
| What is the function of the atrium in the heart? | The atrium receives blood from veins and pumps it to the ventricle. |
| The lower chambers of the heart (left ventricle and right ventricle) that pump blood to the arteries. | Ventricle |
| What is the role of the ventricle in the heart's function? | The ventricle pumps blood to the arteries, facilitating its circulation through the body. |
| Structures within the heart that prevent the backward flow of blood. | Heart Valves |
| Why are heart valves essential in the circulatory system, and where are they located? | Heart valves prevent the backward flow of blood and are located between the atria and ventricles and in the arteries leaving the heart. |
| A group of cells located in the right atrium of the heart that controls the natural resting heart rate. | Pacemaker Cells |
| Where are pacemaker cells located, and what is their function? | Pacemaker cells are located in the right atrium of the heart, and their function is to control the natural resting heart rate. |
| Pacemaker cells that regulate the heart's rhythm and initiate contractions. | Natural Pacemaker |
| What is the significance of the natural pacemaker in the heart? | The natural pacemaker, composed of pacemaker cells, regulates the heart's rhythm and initiates contractions, influencing the overall heartbeat. |
| The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. | Cardiac Output |
| What is cardiac output, and what does it depend on? | Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart every minute. It depends on the heart rate (beats per minute) and stroke volume. |
| An equation that calculates cardiac output by multiplying heart rate and stroke volume. | Cardiac Output Equation |
| The number of heartbeats per minute. | Heart Rate |
| What is heart rate, and how is it measured? | Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and it is measured as a component in the cardiac output equation. |
| The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one heartbeat. | Stroke Volume |
| What is stroke volume, and what role does it play in cardiac output? | Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one heartbeat. It is a component in the cardiac output equation, influencing the overall volume of blood pumped. |
| The cardiac output equation rearranged to calculate heart rate or stroke volume based on known cardiac output. | Rearranged Cardiac Output Equation |
| Provide an example calculation of cardiac output given a heart rate of 75 bpm and a stroke volume of 80 cm³. | Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume = 75 bpm × 80 cm³ = 6000 cm³/min. |
