| Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. | Crude Oil Composition |
| What is crude oil composed of? | Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. |
| The mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated into useful products. | Separation of Crude Oil |
| How can the mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil be treated? | The mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated into useful products. |
| Different groups of hydrocarbons in crude oil, each containing a similar number of carbon atoms. | Fractions |
| What are the different groups of hydrocarbons in crude oil called? | They are called fractions. |
| Hydrocarbons within a fraction have a similar number of carbon atoms. | Similar Number of Carbon Atoms |
| What characterizes the hydrocarbons within a fraction? | They have a similar number of carbon atoms. |
| The process of separating fractions from crude oil based on the differences in boiling points of hydrocarbons. | Fractional Distillation Process |
| How is fractional distillation utilized in separating crude oil fractions? | Fractional distillation separates fractions from crude oil by exploiting the differences in boiling points of hydrocarbons. |
| The initial step in fractional distillation involves heating crude oil to evaporate most of the hydrocarbons. | Evaporation of Crude Oil |
| What is the first step in fractional distillation, and what does it entail? | The first step is the evaporation of crude oil by heating, causing most of the hydrocarbons to turn into vapor. |
| A vertical column that is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top, used in the process of fractional distillation. | Fractional Distillation Column |
| What is the structure of the fractional distillation column? | The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top. |
| Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points. | Short Hydrocarbons |
| Where do short hydrocarbons condense in the fractional distillation column? | Short hydrocarbons condense near the top of the column where it is cooler. |
| Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points. | Long Hydrocarbons |
| Where do long hydrocarbons condense in the fractional distillation column? | Long hydrocarbons condense nearer the bottom of the column. |
| The process of turning vapor into liquid. | Condensation |
| What is the role of condensation in the fractional distillation process? | Condensation occurs as hydrocarbons cool and change from vapor to liquid in the fractional distillation column. |
| Fraction containing the shortest hydrocarbons in crude oil. | Gases Fraction |
| What is the primary content of the gases fraction in crude oil? | The gases fraction contains the shortest hydrocarbons. |
| Gases fraction is used in domestic heating and cooking. | Uses of Gases Fraction |
| What are the applications of the gases fraction from crude oil? | The gases fraction is used in domestic heating and cooking. |
| A fraction used as a fuel for cars. | Petrol |
| What is the primary use of petrol derived from crude oil? | Petrol is used as a fuel for cars. |
| A fraction used as a fuel for aircraft. | Kerosene |
| What is the primary use of kerosene from crude oil? | Kerosene is used as a fuel for aircraft. |
| A fraction used as a fuel for some cars and trains. | Diesel Oil |
| What is the primary use of diesel oil derived from crude oil? | Diesel oil is used as a fuel for some cars and trains. |
| A fraction used as a fuel for large ships and in some power stations. | Fuel Oil |
| What is the primary use of fuel oil from crude oil? | Fuel oil is used as a fuel for large ships and in some power stations. |
| Fraction containing the longest hydrocarbons in crude oil. | Bitumen |
| What is the primary content of the bitumen fraction in crude oil? | Bitumen contains the longest hydrocarbons. |
| Bitumen is used to surface roads and roofs. | Uses of Bitumen |
| What are the applications of bitumen from crude oil? | Bitumen is used to surface roads and roofs. |
| In crude oil, the majority of hydrocarbons are of a type known as alkanes. | Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil |
| What is the prevalent type of hydrocarbons in crude oil? | Alkanes are the most common type of hydrocarbons in crude oil. |
| Hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2. | Alkanes |
| What is the general formula for alkanes? | Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 |
| Ethane is an example of an alkane with the formula C2H6. | Example of Alkane - Ethane |
| Provide an example of an alkane and its formula. | Ethane is an example of an alkane with the formula C2H6. |
| All carbon and hydrogen atoms in alkanes are connected by single covalent bonds. | Single Covalent Bonds |
| What type of bonds connect carbon and hydrogen atoms in alkanes? | Single covalent bonds connect all carbon and hydrogen atoms in alkanes. |
| The size of a hydrocarbon influences its properties. | Size of Hydrocarbon |
| How does the size of a hydrocarbon impact its characteristics? | The size of a hydrocarbon affects properties such as boiling point, viscosity, and ease of ignition. |
| The temperature at which a liquid transforms into a gas. | Boiling Point |
| What does boiling point signify in the context of hydrocarbons? | Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid transitions into a gas. |
| A measure of how sticky or thick a liquid is. | Viscosity |
| What does viscosity indicate in relation to hydrocarbons? | Viscosity is a measure of how sticky or thick a liquid is. |
| A measure of how easily a substance can burn. | Ease of Ignition |
| How is ease of ignition relevant to hydrocarbons? | Ease of ignition is a measure of how easily a substance can burn. |
| The variations in boiling point, viscosity, and ease of ignition among hydrocarbons in different fractions. | Differences in Properties |
| Why do hydrocarbons in different fractions exhibit differences in properties? | The differences in properties among hydrocarbons in different fractions are due to variations in boiling point, viscosity, and ease of ignition. |
| Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points, lower viscosity, and high flammability. | Short Hydrocarbons |
| What are the characteristics of short hydrocarbons? | Short hydrocarbons have lower boiling points, lower viscosity, and high flammability. |
| Where are the shortest hydrocarbons typically found? | The shortest hydrocarbons are present in the gases fraction. |
| Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points, higher viscosity, and low flammability. | Long Hydrocarbons |
| What are the properties of long hydrocarbons? | Long hydrocarbons have higher boiling points, higher viscosity, and low flammability. |
| Where are the longest hydrocarbons typically found? | The longest hydrocarbons are located in the bitumen fraction at the bottom of the column. |
